惊恐障碍很常见,有较高的医疗服务使用率。 自然纵向研究提示,未经治疗的惊恐障碍的病程可以是慢性和致残的。[19]Barlow DH. Anxiety and its disorders. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2002. 女性复发率高于男性。
惊恐障碍的有效管理需要早发现、教育并给予基于证据的药物治疗和/或CBT。 在一项CBT的纵向研究中,87%的患者在治疗结束时惊恐消除,在2年随访时96%的患者保持临床痊愈状态,5年随访时为77%,7年随访时为67%。[126]Fava GA, Zielezny M, Savron G, et al. Long-term effects of behavioural treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Br J Psychiatry. 1995 Jan;166(1):87-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7894882?tool=bestpractice.com 其他认知行为治疗的纵向研究显示,随时间推移,很多患者依然经历惊恐症状,因此需要额外的监测。[127]Brown TA, Barlow DH. Long-term outcome in cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder: clinical predictors and alternative strategies for assessment. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995 Oct;63(5):754-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7593868?tool=bestpractice.com 通过周期性“强化”脱敏治疗或许可以降低复发概率。
为了确保症状减少和预防复发,药物治疗从起效开始至少连续用1年。[53]Batelaan NM, Bosman RC, Muntingh A, et al. Risk of relapse after antidepressant discontinuation in anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of relapse prevention trials. BMJ. 2017 Sep 13;358:j3927.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5596392/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28903922?tool=bestpractice.com 据估计,停药后复发率在55%-70%。[128]Ballenger JC, Pecknold J, Rickels K, et al. Medication discontinuation in panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993 Oct;54 Suppl:15-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8262887?tool=bestpractice.com 停用抗抑郁药物后,会导致中等程度的复发率,停用苯二氮䓬类药物,则会有很高的复发风险。 惊恐障碍的长期管理需要在停药前给予足够剂量,并获得最大的功能恢复。[51]Doyle A, Pollack MH. Long-term management of panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65 Suppl 5:24-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078115?tool=bestpractice.com 为处理复发,可给予抗抑郁剂联合CBT,[51]Doyle A, Pollack MH. Long-term management of panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65 Suppl 5:24-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078115?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Furukawa TA, Watanabe N, Churchill R. Psychotherapy plus antidepressant for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;188:305-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16582055?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Bandelow B, Seidler-Brandler U, Becker A, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled comparisons of psychopharmacological and psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2007;8(3):175-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17654408?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Furukawa TA, Watanabe N, Churchill R. Combined psychotherapy plus antidepressants for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan 24;(1):CD004364.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004364.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253502?tool=bestpractice.com 很多患者仍维持药物治疗,并且进行强化式CBT治疗以长期避免复发。