危机事件压力管理作为一种减少单一、特定生活事件或是公众事件后产生的短期或长期问题(特别是,但不仅限于精神疾病)的方法而提出。[1]Giddens JB. Critical incident stress debriefing/psychological debriefing: a critical review of the literature. San Diego, CA: Alliant International University; 2008.[2]National Institute of Mental Health. Mental health and mass violence: evidence-based early psychological intervention for victims/survivors of mass violence. A workshop to reach consensus on best practices. Washington, DC: NIMH; 2002. 灾难和其他危机事件的心理健康维度最初源自对士兵和现场应急响应人员的担忧,现已被视为灾难规划、响应和研究的优先事项。
阅读更多几个团队就灾难和其他危机事件管理的共识推荐开展了研究。 美国的一个创伤研究团队提出了一项管理策略。[3]Hobfoll SE, Watson P, Bell CC, et al. Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: empirical evidence. Psychiatry. 2007;70:283-319.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18181708?tool=bestpractice.com 欧洲创伤后应激工作组 (European Network for Traumatic Stress, TENTS) 进行了一次共三轮的特尔菲专家咨询,其他组织也基于共识制订了指南。[4]Te Brake H, Dückers M, De Vries M, et al. Early psychosocial interventions after disasters, terrorism, and other shocking events: guideline development. Nurs Health Sci. 2009;11:336-343.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19909437?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Sever MS, Vanholder R; RDRTF of ISN Work Group on Recommendations for the Management of Crush Victims in Mass Disasters. Recommendation for the management of crush victims in mass disasters. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(suppl 1):i1-i67.http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/Suppl_1/i1.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22467763?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Bisson JI, Tavakoly B, Witteveen AB, et al. TENTS guidelines: development of post-disaster psychosocial care guidelines through a Delphi process. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;196:69-74.http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/196/1/69http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044665?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Adesunkanmi AR, Lawal AO. Management of mass casualty: a review. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2011;18:210-216.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21909152?tool=bestpractice.com 在智利,基于一项文献综述也提出了一个类似的模式。[8]Figueroa RA, Marín H, González M. Psychological support for disaster victims: an evidence-based care model [in Spanish]. Rev Med Chil. 2010;138:143-151.http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-98872010000200001&tlng=en&lng=en&nrm=isohttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20461301?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然关于创伤和灾难后对即刻以及(较小程度上)长期心理健康不良影响的科学证据仍在不断出现,但本专题的内容根据现有专家共识和经验反映了此领域的最佳实践。