酸碱和电解质紊乱概述

Berend K, de Vries AP, Gans RO. Physiological approach to assessment of acid-base disturbances. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 9;371(15):1434-45.

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Seifter JL. Integration of acid-base and electrolyte disorders. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 6;371(19):1821-31.

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Foster GT, Varizi ND, Sassoon CS. Respiratory alkalosis. Respir Care. 2001 Apr;46(4):384-91.

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Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, et al. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014 Feb 25;170(3):G1-47.

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Wakil A, Ng JM, Atkin SL. Investigating hyponatraemia. BMJ. 2011 Mar 7;342:d1118.

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Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, et al. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jul;32(7):1335-43.

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Batlle D, Moorthi KM, Schluter W, et al. Distal renal tubular acidosis and the potassium enigma. Semin Nephrol. 2006 Nov;26(6):471-8.

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1.  Berend K, de Vries AP, Gans RO. Physiological approach to assessment of acid-base disturbances. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 9;371(15):1434-45.

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2.  Seifter JL. Integration of acid-base and electrolyte disorders. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 6;371(19):1821-31.

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3.  Foster GT, Varizi ND, Sassoon CS. Respiratory alkalosis. Respir Care. 2001 Apr;46(4):384-91.

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4.  Batlle DC, Hizon M, Cohen E, et al. The use of urinary anion gap in the diagnosis of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. N Engl J Med. 1988 Mar 10;318(10):594-9.

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5.  Fencl V, Miller TB, Pappenheimer JR. Studies on respiratory response to disturbances of acid-base balance, with deductions concerning the ionic composition of cerebral interstitial fluid. Am J Physiol. 1966 Mar;210(3):459-72.

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6.  Miller RB. Central nervous system manifestation of fluid and electrolyte disturbances. Surg Clin North Am. 1968 Apr;48(2):381-93.

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7.  Morrison RS. Management of emergencies: metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. N Engl J Med. 1966 May 26;274(21):1195-7.

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8.  Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, et al. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014 Feb 25;170(3):G1-47.

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9.  Mohan S, Gu S, Parikh A, et al. Prevalence of hyponatremia and association with mortality: results from NHANES. Am J Med. 2013 Dec;126(12):1127-37.e1.

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10.  Wakil A, Ng JM, Atkin SL. Investigating hyponatraemia. BMJ. 2011 Mar 7;342:d1118.

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11.  Liu T, Nagami GT, Everett ML, et al. Very low calorie diets and hypokalaemia: the importance of ammonium excretion. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005 Mar;20(3):642-6.

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12.  Rose BD, Post TW. Clinical physiology of acid-base and electrolyte disorders. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:836-56.

13.  Godek SF, Godek JJ, Bartolozzi AR. Hydration status in college football players during consecutive days of twice-a-day preseason practices. Am J Sports Med. 2005 Jun;33(6):843-51.

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14.  Dave S, Honney S, Raymond J, et al. An unusual presentation of cystic fibrosis in an adult. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005 Mar;45(3):e41-4.

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15.  Hollander-Rodriguez JC, Calvert JF. Hyperkalemia. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Jan 15;73(2):283-90.

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16.  Bilezikian JP, Potts JT Jr, Fuleihan G el-H, et al. Summary statement from a workshop on asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a perspective for the 21st century. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Dec;87(12):5353-61.

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17.  Arnold A, Staunton CE, Kim HG, et al. Monoclonality and abnormal parathyroid hormone genes in parathyroid adenomas. N Engl J Med. 1988 Mar 17;318(11):658-62.

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18.  Farford B, Presutti RJ, Moraghan TJ. Nonsurgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Mar;82(3):351-5. [Erratum in: Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Jul;82(7):890.]

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19.  Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, et al. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jul;32(7):1335-43.

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20.  Trence DL, Hirsch IB. Hyperglycemic crises in diabetes mellitus type 2. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2001 Dec;30(4):817-31.

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21.  Batlle D, Moorthi KM, Schluter W, et al. Distal renal tubular acidosis and the potassium enigma. Semin Nephrol. 2006 Nov;26(6):471-8.

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22.  Rodriguez Soriano J. Renal tubular acidosis: the clinical entity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Aug;13(8):2160-70.

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23.  Conn JW. Primary aldosteronism, a new clinical syndrome. J Lab Clin Med. 1955;45:6-17.

24.  Conn JW. Plasma renin activity in primary aldosteronism. Importance in differential diagnosis and in research of essential hypertension. JAMA. 1964 Oct 19;190:222-5.

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25.  Morillas P, Castillo J, Quiles J, et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism in hypertensive patients and its effect on the heart [in Spanish]. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2008 Apr;61(4):418-21.

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