所涉及的最常见抗生素为氨苄西林、头孢菌素、克林霉素、碳青霉烯类和氟喹诺酮类药物,尤其是在既往 3 个月内。[15]Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2011 Feb 21;53(1358):14-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21372762?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Schroeder MS. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Mar 1;71(5):921-8.https://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0301/p921.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15768622?tool=bestpractice.com
限制使用氟喹诺酮类药物似乎可以降低英格兰艰难梭菌感染率。抗微生物药物管理应该是艰难梭菌感染控制计划的核心组成部分。[17]Dingle KE, Didelot X, Quan TP, et al. Effects of control interventions on Clostridium difficile infection in England: an observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Apr;17(4):411-21.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147330991630514X?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28130063?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 meta 分析发现,管理计划已被证实可使住院患者艰难梭菌感染发生率显著降低 32%,并且在采用感染控制措施后更有效。[18]Baur D, Gladstone BP, Burkert F, et al. Effect of antibiotic stewardship on the incidence of infection and colonisation with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Sep;17(9):990-1001.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28629876?tool=bestpractice.com
由于使用了 β-内酰胺类抗生素(例如氟喹诺酮)进行替代,因此存在青霉素过敏的患者的感染风险可能会增加。[19]Blumenthal KG, Lu N, Zhang Y, et al. Risk of meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile in patients with a documented penicillin allergy: population based matched cohort study. BMJ. 2018 Jun 27;361:k2400.https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k2400.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29950489?tool=bestpractice.com