适当使用和尽快停用抗微生物药物可有助于减少肠道菌群的变化,从而降低艰难梭菌感染的可能性。此外,益生菌的使用可能有助于一级预防。纳入 31 项随机对照临床试验(8672 名患者)进行的一项系统评价和 meta 分析发现,有中等质量的证据表明,将益生菌与抗生素一起用于免疫功能受损或特别衰弱的患者,对预防与艰难梭菌相关的腹泻安全有效。[33]Goldenberg JZ, Yap C, Lytvyn L, et al. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(12):CD006095.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006095.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29257353?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of probiotics for adults and children being treated with antibiotics?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2047/full显示答案现已发现在使用首剂抗生素后不久使用益生菌,可使住院成年患者的艰难梭菌感染风险降低 50% 以上。[34]Shen NT, Maw A, Tmanova LL, et al. Timely use of probiotics in hospitalized adults prevents Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review with meta-regression analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017 Jun;152(8):1889-900;e9.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(17)30136-1/fulltext?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28192108?tool=bestpractice.com但是,由于数据不足,美国指南不建议将其用于临床试验之外的预防。[2]McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Mar 19;66(7):e1-48.https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/cix1085/4855916http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29462280?tool=bestpractice.com
提出控制感染的建议和用肥皂和清水洗手有助于预防患者间的传播。世界卫生组织提供了正确洗手方法的指南。就对抗艰难梭菌而言,发现结构化清洗方法比非结构化方法更有效。[35]Deschênes P, Chano F, Dionne LL, et al. Efficacy of the World Health Organization-recommended handwashing technique and a modified washing technique to remove Clostridium difficile from hands. Am J Infect Control. 2017 Aug 1;45(8):844-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526314?tool=bestpractice.comWHO: guidelines on hand hygiene腹泻缓解后,患者应接受至少 48 小时的接触隔离照护。[36]Banach DB, Bearman G, Barnden M, et al. Duration of contact precautions for acute-care settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2018 Feb;39(2):127-44.https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/duration-of-contact-precautions-for-acutecare-settings/94E38FDCE6E1823BD613ABE4E8CB5E56http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29321078?tool=bestpractice.com
清洁医院环境是必要的,以防止引入或传播病原体。[37]Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Sterilization, high-level disinfection, and environmental cleaning. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2011 Mar;25(1):45-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21315994?tool=bestpractice.com[38]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Infection prevention and control. April 2014 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/QS61 氯释放剂比清洁剂更能有效杀灭艰难梭菌产生的孢子。[39]Macleod-Glover N, Sadowski C. Efficacy of cleaning products for C. difficile: environmental strategies to reduce the spread of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in geriatric rehabilitation. Can Fam Physician. 2010 May;56(5):417-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868609/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20463269?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Kundrapu S, Sunkesula V, Jury LA, et al. Daily disinfection of high-touch surfaces in isolation rooms to reduce contamination of healthcare workers' hands. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012 Oct;33(10):1039-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22961024?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Louh IK, Greendyke WG, Hermann EA, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in acute care hospitals: systematic review and best practices for prevention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017 Apr;38(4):476-82.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5560033/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28300019?tool=bestpractice.com 临床试验表明,过氧化氢干雾消毒系统比 0.5% 次氯酸钠溶液能更有效地消除艰难梭菌孢子,它被认为是消毒携带艰难梭菌患者房间的一种新替代方式。[42]Barbut F, Menuet D, Verachten M, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of a hydrogen peroxide dry-mist disinfection system and sodium hypochlorite solution for eradication of Clostridium difficile spores. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009 Jun;30(6):507-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19379098?tool=bestpractice.com
另一种新的替代方式是一种移动式、全自动化室内净化技术,使用紫外线 C 照射杀死病原体。[43]Nerandzic MM, Cadnum JL, Pultz MJ, et al. Evaluation of an automated ultraviolet radiation device for decontamination of Clostridium difficile and other healthcare-associated pathogens in hospital rooms. BMC Infect Dis. 2010 Jul 8;10:197.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910020/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20615229?tool=bestpractice.com 一项临床试验证实,尽管增强的清洁策略可改善清洁的彻底性和有效性,但这并不会降低艰难梭菌感染的发病率。[44]Ray AJ, Deshpande A, Fertelli D, et al. A multicenter randomized trial to determine the effect of an environmental disinfection intervention on the incidence of healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017 Jul;38(7):777-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28462761?tool=bestpractice.com
抗微生物药物管理应该是艰难梭菌感染控制计划的核心组成部分。[17]Dingle KE, Didelot X, Quan TP, et al. Effects of control interventions on Clostridium difficile infection in England: an observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Apr;17(4):411-21.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147330991630514X?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28130063?tool=bestpractice.com 管理计划的益处包括减少不良反应和改善患者结局。建议包括:[2]McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Mar 19;66(7):e1-48.https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/cix1085/4855916http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29462280?tool=bestpractice.com
一项 meta 分析发现,管理计划已被证实可使住院患者艰难梭菌感染发生率显著降低 32%,并且在采用感染控制措施后更有效。[18]Baur D, Gladstone BP, Burkert F, et al. Effect of antibiotic stewardship on the incidence of infection and colonisation with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Sep;17(9):990-1001.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28629876?tool=bestpractice.com
没有足够的证据推荐停用质子泵抑制剂来预防艰难梭菌感染;但是,如果没有必要,应该停止使用。[2]McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Mar 19;66(7):e1-48.https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/cix1085/4855916http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29462280?tool=bestpractice.com