睡眠障碍
失眠:最常见的睡眠障碍,在一般人群中发病率大概为19%。[22]Ohayon MM. Prevalence of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of insomnia: distinguishing insomnia related to mental disorders from sleep disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 1997 May-Jun;31(3):333-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9306291?tool=bestpractice.com DSM-5 定义失眠障碍为,对睡眠数量和/或质量的不满(造成明显的痛苦或损伤),该病与难以入睡、睡后易醒和/或难以再次入睡(即早晨觉醒过早)有关,尽管有充分的睡觉时机,每周至少 3 晚,持续至少 3 个月。[23]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013. 大多数失眠患者并不一定报告睡眠障碍,而是反映伴发的症状(例如乏力)。 失眠可能与某种潜在病因有关,例如:
不宁腿综合征 (Restless legs syndrome, RLS):与疲劳症状相关。主观的睡眠质量损害取决于 RLS 的严重程度。[24]Hornyak M, Kopasz M, Berger M, et al. Impact of sleep-related complaints on depressive symptoms in patients with restless legs syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Sep;66(9):1139-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16187772?tool=bestpractice.com 在老年人中,RLS严重程度影响睡眠质量和生活质量,包括日常功能、社会功能、总体幸福感和情感体验。[25]Cuellar NG, Strumpf NE, Ratcliffe SJ. Symptoms of restless legs syndrome in older adults: outcomes on sleep quality, sleepiness, fatigue, depression, and quality of life. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 Sep;55(9):1387-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17915343?tool=bestpractice.com
精神和社会心理疾病
抑郁症:在社区和基层医疗机构进行的研究显示原因不明的慢性疲乏与常见精神疾病(主要为抑郁症)非常相关。[4]Kroenke K, Wood DR, Mangelsdorff AD, et al. Chronic fatigue in primary care. Prevalence, patient characteristics, and outcome. JAMA. 1988 Aug 19;260(7):929-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3398197?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Wessely S, Chalder T, Hirsch S, et al. Psychological symptoms, somatic symptoms, and psychiatric disorder in chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a prospective study in the primary care setting. Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Aug;153(8):1050-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8678174?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Walker EA, Katon WJ, Jemelka RP. Psychiatric disorders and medical care utilization among people in the general population who report fatigue. J Gen Intern Med. 1993 Aug;8(8):436-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8410409?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Lawrie SM, Pelosi AJ. Chronic fatigue syndrome in the community. Prevalence and associations. Br J Psychiatry. 1995 Jun;166(6):793-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7663830?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,两者之间的关系仍不清楚,疲乏可能是抑郁症的病因,也可能是结果。为澄清两者关系,一项在英国社区的研究调查了社会心理变量和原因不明性慢性疲乏。[5]Skapinakis P, Lewis G, Meltzer H. Clarifying the relationship between unexplained chronic fatigue and psychiatric morbidity: results from a community survey in Great Britain. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2003 Feb-May;15(1-2):57-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12745311?tool=bestpractice.com 在有精神障碍的患者中,不明原因慢性疲劳的患病率更高。该患病率随着精神障碍严重程度的增加而增加。
除了抑郁,焦虑和躯体形式障碍以及社会心理应激可能与疲乏有关。
血液系统疾病
无论何种病因所致贫血,疲乏都是一个主要症状。 实践证明,即使无贫血,检查月经期女性铁蛋白水平也有助于甄别补铁有效的患者。 无贫血但铁蛋白水平<112pmol/L(<50 ng/ml)的女性经补铁治疗后疲劳症状缓解。[14]Verdon F, Burnand B, Stubi CL, et al. Iron supplementation for unexplained fatigue in non-anaemic women: double blind randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2003 May 24;326(7399):1124.http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/7399/1124http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12763985?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Vaucher P, Druais PL, Waldvogel S, et al. Effect of iron supplementation on fatigue in nonanemic menstruating women with low ferritin: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2012 Aug 7;184(11):1247-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22777991?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Krayenbuehl PA, Battegay E, Breymann C, et al. Intravenous iron for the treatment of fatigue in nonanemic, premenopausal women with low serum ferritin concentration. Blood. 2011 Sep 22;118(12):3222-7.http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/118/12/3222.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21705493?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Favrat B, Balck K, Breymann C, et al. Evaluation of a single dose of ferric carboxymaltose in fatigued, iron-deficient women--PREFER a randomized, placebo-controlled study. PLoS One. 2014 Apr 21;9(4):e94217.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3994001/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24751822?tool=bestpractice.com
除了其他症状,慢性粒细胞白血病、骨髓增生异常综合征和淋巴瘤患者都会出现疲劳。
极少数疲乏的病因是重金属中毒。 工作经历是被要求提供的。 铅中毒危险因素包括电池生产、玻璃工艺和使用非常陈旧的家用油漆或印度草医药。 汞中毒危险因素包括吃鱼和汞合金材料补牙。 一项研究显示,金属对金属髋关节植入术后,疲乏是钴和铬指标升高患者中最常见的症状之一。
心血管病学
限制心力衰竭患者活动的主要症状是疲乏和{0}/{1}或呼吸困难。 心力衰竭新发病例中有10%到20%患者出现的主要症状为疲乏。[29]Drexler H, Coats AJ. Explaining fatigue in congestive heart failure. Annu Rev Med. 1996;47:241-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8712779?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2016 Jul 14;37(27):2129-200.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/06/08/eurheartj.ehw128.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27206819?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项针对女性急性心肌梗死(MI)的研究中,71%患者视不寻常的疲乏为前驱症状,43%患者视疲乏为急性症状,而仅57%患者出现胸痛。[31]McSweeney JC, Cody M, O'Sullivan P, et al. Women's early warning symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2003 Nov 25;108(21):2619-23.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/108/21/2619http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14597589?tool=bestpractice.com 一般而言,女性比男性更容易有就诊延迟,并且更易出现无胸痛的不稳定型心绞痛和非 ST 段抬高型病变。[32]Khan NA, Daskalopoulou SS, Karp I, et al. Sex differences in acute coronary syndrome symptom presentation in young patients. JAMA Intern Med. 2013 Nov 11;173(20):1863-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24043208?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Crea F, Battipaglia I, Andreotti F, et al. Sex differences in mechanisms, presentation and management of ischaemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 2015 Jul;241(1):157-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25988360?tool=bestpractice.com
除了心力衰竭和急性心力衰竭,心房颤动也会出现伴随其他症状的疲乏。
内分泌病症
甲状腺功能减退:在大型横断面研究中发现疲乏与甲状腺功能减退仅非常微弱相关。 此外,疲乏症状对甲状腺功能减退诊断的敏感性非常低({0}16%{1})。 因此,患者未诉特定症状如疲乏并不能排除甲状腺疾病。[34]Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, et al. The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Feb 28;160(4):526-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10695693?tool=bestpractice.com 我们需要进一步的随机研究来评估甲状腺替代治疗对亚临床甲减患者(TSH轻度升高而游离甲状腺激素水平正常)疲劳症状的影响。[35]Fatourechi V. Subclinical hypothyroidism: an update for primary care physicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(1):65-71.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2664572/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19121255?tool=bestpractice.com
糖尿病:疲劳被视为 1 型和 2 型糖尿病的一种常见表现。然而,关于糖尿病患者疲劳发生率的数据十分稀缺。在已进行的少量研究中,有一项研究评估了疲乏在糖尿病患儿中的发生率。15 岁以下的 1 型糖尿病患儿有 52% 存在疲劳症状,7% 的患儿以疲劳为首发症状。[36]Levy-Marchal C, Patterson CC, Green A, et al. Geographical variation of presentation at diagnosis of type I diabetes in children: the EURODIAB study. European and Diabetes. Diabetologia. 2001 Oct;44(suppl 3):B75-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11724421?tool=bestpractice.com
疲劳可能是其他更少见内分泌疾病中的一个重要症状(尽管并非常见症状)。这些疾病包括Addison病、维生素D缺乏(软骨病)、垂体功能低下、肢端肥大症、生长激素缺乏、甲状腺功能亢进、库欣综合征和尿崩症。[37]Lovas K, Loge JH, Husebye ES. Subjective health status in Norwegian patients with Addison's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002 May;56(5):581-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12030907?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Biermasz NR, van Thiel SW, Pereira AM, et al. Decreased quality of life in patients with acromegaly despite long-term cure of growth hormone excess. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Nov;89(11):5369-76.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/11/5369http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15531483?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Wallymahmed ME, Foy P, MacFarlane IA. The quality of life of adults with growth hormone deficiency: comparison with diabetic patients and control subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Sep;51(3):333-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10469013?tool=bestpractice.com
感染性疾病
EB{0}病毒({1}EBV{2}):疲乏与{3}EBV{4}传染性单核细胞增多症典型相关。 一项关于咽喉痛持续{0}≥16{1}年患者的研究评估了症状的诊断正确率。 疲乏作为传染性单核细胞增多症的一个症状,诊断敏感度为93%,特异度为23%,阴性似然比为0.30,因此可得出结论,无疲乏症状有助于排除该诊断。[40]Aronson MD, Komaroff AL, Pass TM, et al. Heterophil antibody in adults with sore throat: frequency and clinical presentation. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Apr;96(4):505-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6895981?tool=bestpractice.com
艾滋病毒(HIV)感染:HIV患者中疲乏为最常见主诉并使人持续虚弱。[41]Barroso J. A review of fatigue in people with HIV infection. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 1999 Sep-Oct;10(5):42-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10491802?tool=bestpractice.com>35岁的HIV阳性患者疲乏程度明显高于年轻的HIV阳性患者。[41]Barroso J. A review of fatigue in people with HIV infection. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 1999 Sep-Oct;10(5):42-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10491802?tool=bestpractice.com HIV{0}患者疲乏的病因是多样的。 贫血是最常见血液学异常。 另外,甲状腺功能低下、皮质醇缺乏和抑郁症也是需排除的疲乏常见病因。
莱姆病:一项前瞻性研究显示疲乏出现在一半以上的早期诊断莱姆病患者中,疲乏主诉比关节痛、肌肉痛或头痛更常见。[42]Nadelman RB, Nowakowski J, Forseter G, et al. The clinical spectrum of early Lyme borreliosis in patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans. Am J Med. 1996 May;100(5):502-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8644761?tool=bestpractice.com 莱姆病也可导致一种莱姆螺旋体病后综合征(疲乏、肌肉骨骼痛和神经认知障碍),该综合征尽管经抗生素治疗仍持续多年。[43]Cairns V, Godwin J. Post-Lyme borreliosis syndrome: a meta-analysis of reported symptoms. Int J Epidemiol. 2005 Dec;34(6):1340-5.http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/34/6/1340http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16040645?tool=bestpractice.com
巨细胞病毒、弓形体病、布鲁菌病和结核病均可表现为乏力。尽管柯萨奇 B 病毒、衣原体和支原体感染也可引起乏力,但通常其并非此类疾患的主诉。
流感病毒影响上呼吸道和下呼吸道。 发热、头痛、肌肉痛和疲乏常与上呼吸道感染症状如咽喉痛和下呼吸道感染症状如咳嗽相关。[44]Monto AS, Gravenstein S, Elliott M, et al. Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Nov 27;160(21):3243-7.http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=485554http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11088084?tool=bestpractice.com
药物和毒素
娱乐性和医疗药物都是疲乏的常见病因。因此,当患者有疲劳病史时,需要详细检查其处方药、非处方药以及娱乐性药物的使用情况。
与疲乏密切相关的药理学药物有抗组胺药、降压药、抗心律失常药、抗癫痫药、糖皮质激素、利尿剂和抗精神病药。
长期酗酒也可以引起疲乏,不应被忽视。
极少数疲乏的病因是重金属中毒。 工作经历是被要求提供的。 铅中毒危险因素包括电池生产、玻璃工艺和使用非常陈旧的家用油漆或印度草医药。 汞中毒危险因素包括吃鱼和汞合金材料补牙。[45]Clarkson TW, Magos L, Myers GJ. The toxicology of mercury - current exposures and clinical manifestations. N Engl J Med. 2003 Oct 30;349(18):1731-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14585942?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究显示,在接受金属对金属髋关节植入术后钴和铬指标升高的患者中,最常见的症状之一就是疲劳。[46]Leikin JB, Karydes HC, Whiteley PM, et al. Outpatient toxicology clinic experience of patients with hip implants. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013 May;51(4):230-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23421810?tool=bestpractice.com
肺部疾病
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)常与疲乏症状相关。[47]Breslin E, van der Schans C, Breukink S, et al. Perception of fatigue and quality of life in patients with COPD. Chest. 1998 Oct;114(4):958-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9792561?tool=bestpractice.com 除了呼吸困难,疲乏降低生活质量和运动耐量。[48]Guyatt GH, Berman LB, Townsend M, et al. A measure of quality of life for clinical trials in chronic lung disease. Thorax. 1987 Oct;42(10):773-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC460950/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3321537?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Wijkstra PJ, Van Altena R, Kraan J, et al. Quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease improves after rehabilitation at home. Eur Respir J. 1994 Feb;7(2):269-73.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/7/2/269.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8162979?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,对于所有 COPD 患者,疲劳都是需要评估和治疗的症状。[47]Breslin E, van der Schans C, Breukink S, et al. Perception of fatigue and quality of life in patients with COPD. Chest. 1998 Oct;114(4):958-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9792561?tool=bestpractice.com
疲乏可能也与其他肺疾病相关,包括肉状瘤病、[50]De Kleijn WP, De Vries J, Lower EE, et al. Fatigue in sarcoidosis: a systematic review. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2009 Sep;15(5):499-506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19458531?tool=bestpractice.com 哮喘、肺动脉高压、胸膜疾病和肺炎。[51]Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2016 Jan 1;37(1):67-119.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/1/67.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320113?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,通常更多特异性症状的出现指向{0}COPD{1}的诊断。
胃肠疾病
乳糜泻:儿童期乳糜泻通常表现为脂肪泻、体重减轻和生长发育落后。然而,仅 1/3 成年患者有此类主诉。成人乳糜泻患者最常见的首发症状为疲劳,突显出该患者群体中症状往往不典型。[52]Zipser RD, Patel S, Yahya KZ, et al. Presentations of adult celiac disease in a nationwide patient support group. Dig Dis Sci. 2003 Apr;48(4):761-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12741468?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Farrell RJ, Kelly CP. Celiac sprue. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 17;346(3):180-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11796853?tool=bestpractice.com
慢性肝病:在病毒性和胆汁淤积性慢性肝病患者中,疲乏为常见主诉。一项研究显示,与年龄及性别匹配的对照者相比,原发性胆汁性肝硬化 (PBC) 患者疲劳程度更高。[54]Goldblatt J, Taylor PJ, Lipman T, et al. The true impact of fatigue in primary biliary cirrhosis: a population study. Gastroenterology. 2002 May;122(5):1235-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11984509?tool=bestpractice.com 相比于对照组,{0}PBC{1}患者组的疲乏损害指数明显更高(更坏)。 Child-Pugh分数为5和>5的PBC患者的疲乏分数无明显差别。[54]Goldblatt J, Taylor PJ, Lipman T, et al. The true impact of fatigue in primary biliary cirrhosis: a population study. Gastroenterology. 2002 May;122(5):1235-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11984509?tool=bestpractice.com 简表-36 (Short Form-36, SF-36) 是一种评估患者生活质量的问卷,与对照人群相比,慢性丙型和乙型肝炎患者在简表-36 中精力和疲劳项目上的得分显著下降。[55]Foster GR, Goldin RD, Thomas HC. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection causes a significant reduction in quality of life in the absence of cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1998 Jan;27(1):209-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9425939?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Witt-Sullivan H, Heathcote J, Cauch K, et al. The demography of primary biliary cirrhosis in Ontario, Canada. Hepatology. 1990 Jul;12(1):98-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2197212?tool=bestpractice.com
炎症性肠病({0}IBS{1}):营养不良、体重降低和炎症可引起疲乏。 疲乏并非IBS出现的典型症状。[57]Van Langenberg DR, Gibson PR. Systematic review: fatigue in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jul;32(2):131-43.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04347.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20456309?tool=bestpractice.com
肾脏疾病
疲乏和精力缺乏是降低血液透析患者生活质量的最大问题。[58]Laupacis A, Muirhead N, Keown P, et al. A disease-specific questionnaire for assessing quality of life in patients on hemodialysis. Nephron. 1992;60(3):302-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1565182?tool=bestpractice.com 肾衰竭患者易出现贫血、尿毒症所致营养不良和食欲不振。 另外,肾衰竭患者通常需要饮食限制。 这些因素都加快了疲乏的进展。[59]McCann K, Boore JR. Fatigue in persons with renal failure who require maintenance haemodialysis. J Adv Nurs. 2000 Nov;32(5):1132-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11114998?tool=bestpractice.com
神经系统疾病
帕金森病:大约40%帕金森病患者以疲乏为主要症状之一,且在抑郁、痴呆和睡眠障碍调整后疲乏仍持续存在。[60]Krupp LB, Pollina DA. Mechanisms and management of fatigue in progressive neurological disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 1996 Dec;9(6):456-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9007405?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Karlsen K, Larsen JP, Tandberg E, et al. Fatigue in patients with Parkinsons disease. Mov Disord. 1999 Mar;14(2):237-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10091615?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Beiske AG, Svensson E. Fatigue in Parkinson's disease: a short update. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2010;(190):78-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20586741?tool=bestpractice.com
卒中:调查显示{0}2/3{1}卒中患者有疲乏主诉,{2}40%{3}患者认为疲乏是最严重后遗症之一,且在部分患者中持续存在至少{4}3{5}年。 一项初步研究显示疲乏与脑损伤部位相关,尤其是脑干损伤。[63]Staub F, Bogousslavsky J. Fatigue after stroke: a major but neglected issue. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001 Aug;12(2):75-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11490100?tool=bestpractice.com 青年卒中患者和躯体或认知损害较轻的患者主诉更严重的疲乏。[64]Ingles JL, Eskes GA, Phillips SJ. Fatigue after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999 Feb;80(2):173-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10025492?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Glader EL, Stegmayr B, Asplund K. Poststroke fatigue: a 2-year follow-up study of stroke patients in Sweden. Stroke. 2002 May;33(5):1327-33.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/33/5/1327http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11988611?tool=bestpractice.com
多发性硬化:疲乏是多发性硬化患者最常见的致残症状。 一项研究发现疲乏的出现以及严重程度与大脑损害部位有关。 顶叶、内囊或脑室周围三角损害时疲乏程度更重。[60]Krupp LB, Pollina DA. Mechanisms and management of fatigue in progressive neurological disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 1996 Dec;9(6):456-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9007405?tool=bestpractice.com[66]van der Werf SP, Jongen PJ, Lycklama a Nijeholt GJ, et al. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: interrelations between fatigue complaints, cerebral MRI abnormalities and neurological disability. J Neurol Sci. 1998 Oct 8;160(2):164-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9849800?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Vercoulen JH, Hommes OR, Swanink CM, et al. The measurement of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis. A multidimensional comparison with patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy subjects. Arch Neurol. 1996 Jul;53(7):642-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8929171?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Colombo B, Martinelli Boneschi F, Rossi P, et al. MRI and motor evoked potential findings in nondisabled multiple sclerosis patients with and without symptoms of fatigue. J Neurol. 2000 Jul;247(7):506-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10993490?tool=bestpractice.com
在肌萎缩侧索硬化、重症肌无力、肌张力障碍和肌肉疾病中,疲乏为一种常见且使人逐渐衰竭的症状。[60]Krupp LB, Pollina DA. Mechanisms and management of fatigue in progressive neurological disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 1996 Dec;9(6):456-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9007405?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,这些疾病通常会呈现比疲乏更特异性的症状。
风湿免疫性疾病
一半的系统性红斑狼疮患者报告疲劳是最主要的致失能症状。[69]Krupp LB, LaRocca NG, Muir J, et al. A study of fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1990 Nov;17(11):1450-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2273484?tool=bestpractice.com 在这些患者中,社会心理变量与疲乏密切相关。[70]Omdal R, Waterloo K, Koldingsnes W, et al. Fatigue in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: the psychosocial aspects. J Rheumatol. 2003 Feb;30(2):283-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12563681?tool=bestpractice.com
其他风湿病性病因包括纤维组织肌肉痛和风湿性关节炎(尽管风湿性关节炎并不经常出现疲乏)。[71]Riemsma RP, Rasker JJ, Taal E, et al. Fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of self-efficacy and problematic social support. Br J Rheumatol. 1998 Oct;37(10):1042-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9825741?tool=bestpractice.com
肿瘤
疲乏是肿瘤中最常见的不能缓解的症状。[72]Stone P, Richardson A, Ream E, et al. Cancer-related fatigue: inevitable, unimportant and untreatable? Results of a multi-centre patient survey. Cancer Fatigue Forum. Ann Oncol. 2000 Aug;11(8):971-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11038033?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Levy M. Cancer fatigue: a review for psychiatrists. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2008 May-Jun;30(3):233-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18433655?tool=bestpractice.com 作为一种特异性诊断,肿瘤相关性疲乏是指精力和心理能量降低以及与近期活动量改变不成比例的休息需求增加,且在过去一个月内有{0}2{1}周时间每天症状均非常明显。[74]Cella D, Lai JS, Chang CH, et al. Fatigue in cancer patients compared with fatigue in the general United States population. Cancer. 2002 Jan 15;94(2):528-38.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.10245/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11900238?tool=bestpractice.com 肿瘤相关性疲乏的病因是多样的,包括恶病质、体重下降、贫血、细胞因子增加和精神因素,尤其抑郁。[75]Harter M, Reuter K, Aschenbrenner A, et al. Psychiatric disorders and associated factors in cancer: results of an interview study with patients in inpatient, rehabilitation and outpatient treatment. Eur J Cancer. 2001 Jul;37(11):1385-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11435069?tool=bestpractice.com
特发性因素
1994 年美国疾病预防控制中心标准(也称为“福田”标准)将慢性疲劳综合征(也称为肌痛性脑脊髓炎 [Myalgic encephalomyelitis, ME])定义为:经临床评估的、原因不明的持续性或复发性疲劳,持续至少 6 个月,并且伴有下列 4 个或更多个明确的症状,包括主观记忆障碍、肌痛、关节痛、头痛、睡眠后不能恢复精力和劳力后不适(持续大于 24 小时)。[16]Fukuda K, Straus SE, Hickie I, et al. The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Dec 15;121(12):953-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7978722?tool=bestpractice.com
最近,美国国家医学院提议使用“系统性劳累不耐受疾病 (systemic exertion intolerance disease, SEID)”这一术语替代慢性疲劳综合征。[21]Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Beyond myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: redefining an illness. February 2015 [internet publication].http://iom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2015/MECFS/MECFS_ReportBrief.pdf SEID 被归类为新的或明确发病的深度疲乏,可减少或削弱从事病前活动的能力;持续>6 个月;不是持续的过度劳累所致;通过休息不能得以缓解;伴劳累后不适和睡眠后精力不能恢复;伴认知障碍或直立不耐受。[21]Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Beyond myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: redefining an illness. February 2015 [internet publication].http://iom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2015/MECFS/MECFS_ReportBrief.pdf
虽然慢性疲劳综合征的病因尚不清楚,但人们已将神经内分泌、神经炎症、遗传、免疫、心理和感染病因作为初始触发因素进行了研究。[7]Prins JB, van der Meer JW, Bleijenberg G. Chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet. 2006 Jan 28;367(9507):346-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16443043?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Wessely S, Chalder T, Hirsch S, et al. Psychological symptoms, somatic symptoms, and psychiatric disorder in chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a prospective study in the primary care setting. Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Aug;153(8):1050-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8678174?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Reid S, Chalder T, Cleare A, et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ. 2000 Jan 29;320(7230):292-6.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1117488/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10650029?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Darbishire L, Ridsdale L, Seed PT. Distinguishing patients with chronic fatigue from those with chronic fatigue syndrome: a diagnostic study in UK primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2003 Jun;53(491):441-5.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1314617/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12939888?tool=bestpractice.com[76]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy); diagnosis and management of CFS/ME in adults and children. August 2007 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG53[77]Nakatomi Y, Mizuno K, Ishii A, et al. Neuroinflammation in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: an ¹¹C-(R)-PK11195 PET study. J Nucl Med. 2014 Jun;55(6):945-50.http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/55/6/945.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24665088?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Maes M, Twisk FN, Johnson C. Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and chronic fatigue (CF) are distinguished accurately: results of supervised learning techniques applied on clinical and inflammatory data. Psychiatry Res. 2012 Dec 30;200(2-3):754-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22521895?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Fluge Ø, Mella O. Clinical impact of B-cell depletion with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in chronic fatigue syndrome: a preliminary case series. BMC Neurol. 2009 Jul 1;9:28.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2711959/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19566965?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Fluge Ø, Bruland O, Risa K, et al. Benefit from B-lymphocyte depletion using the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in chronic fatigue syndrome: a double-blind and placebo-controlled study. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26358.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3198463/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22039471?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: possible causes. July 2017 [internet publication].https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/about/possible-causes.html 目前已知,肾上腺皮质功能减退是慢性疲劳综合征患者报告的异常之一,下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴活性降低是该综合征的病理生理机制之一。[82]Van Den Eede F, Moorkens G, Van Houdenhove B, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuropsychobiology. 2007;55(2):112-20.http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/104468http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596739?tool=bestpractice.com 研究还发现颞叶,顶叶,额叶和皮质下区[83]Schwartz RB, Garada BM, Komaroff AL, et al. Detection of intracranial abnormalities in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: comparison of MR imaging and SPECT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994 Apr;162(4):935-41.http://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.162.4.8141020http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8141020?tool=bestpractice.com 并且与对照者相比,慢性疲劳综合征患者在完成对认知功能要求高的作业期间前额叶和颞叶激活存在差异。[84]Caseras X, Mataix-Cols D, Giampietro V, et al. Probing the working memory system in chronic fatigue syndrome: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using the n-back task. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994 Apr;162(4):935-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079703?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,这些病理生理机制是慢性疲劳综合征的病因还是结果仍不清楚。[85]Cho HJ, Skowera A, Cleare A, et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome: an update focusing on phenomenology and pathophysiology. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;19(1):67-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16612182?tool=bestpractice.com[86]McKenzie R, O'Fallon A, Dale J, et al. Low-dose hydrocortisone for treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998 Sep 23-30;280(12):1061-6.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/280/12/1061http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9757853?tool=bestpractice.com
与以上疾病不同,特发性慢性疲劳的定义为经临床评估的、无法解释且无明显病因的慢性疲劳,而且不符合慢性疲劳综合征的诊断标准。疲[16]Fukuda K, Straus SE, Hickie I, et al. The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Dec 15;121(12):953-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7978722?tool=bestpractice.com