所有患者的综合管理
所有肠梗阻患者需要禁食和静脉补液。初始的静脉补液应取决于患者的基础补水状态,以及合并症的状况。对于血容量大幅降低的患者,推注若干升的生理盐水可能会有所帮助。初步补水后,静脉维持补液的配方应基于生理学考虑,为机体提供一些葡萄糖。最初应根据体重给予相应维持率的液体。该速率应根据患者的尿排出量和血液动力学来制定。
一旦肠梗阻开始消退,如出现排气,并且腹胀、恶心症状消退,患者就可以开始流质饮食,并在可耐受范围内加量。
术后肠梗阻
对于进行手术和需要阿片类镇痛的患者,减少全身性阿片镇痛药剂量可以预防肠梗阻的发生。有效的疼痛处理辅助方法包括非甾体类抗炎药 (NSAIDs),例如酮咯酸、 镇痛药和硬膜外局部麻醉剂。与护士全天候镇痛药给药相比,患者自控镇痛泵有利于减少阿片类药物使用总量。[7]Story SK, Chamberlain RS. A comprehensive review of evidence-based strategies to prevent and treat postoperative ileus. Dig Surg. 2009;26:265-275.https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/227765http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19590205?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Chan KC, Cheng YJ, Huang GT, et al. The effect of IVPCA morphine on post-hysterectomy bowel function. Acta Anasesthesiol Sin. 2002;40:61-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12194392?tool=bestpractice.com
已经研究了在术后阶段咀嚼口香糖,以便确定这样是否能够减少手术后肠梗阻的发生,已经证明其能减少持续时间。这是一种安全而又简易的方法,可用于大多数患者。[38]Yeh YC, Klinger EV, Reddy P. Pharmacologic options to prevent postoperative ileus. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43:1474-1785.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19602600?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Vasquez W, Hernandez AV, Garcia-Sabrido JL, et al. Is gum chewing useful for ileus after elective colorectal surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009;13:649-656.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19050983?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Purkayastha S, Tilney HS, Darzi AW, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized studies evaluating chewing gum to enhance postoperative recovery following colectomy. Arch Surg. 2008;143:788-793.http://archsurg.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/143/8/788http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18711040?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Noble EJH, Harris R, Hosie KB, et al. Gum chewing reduces postoperative ileus? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2009;7:100-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19261555?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Fitzgerald JE, Ahmed I. Systematic review and meta-analysis of chewing-gum therapy in the reduction of postoperative paralytic ileus following gastrointestinal surgery. World J Surg. 2009;33:2557-2566.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19763686?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Short V, Herbert G, Perry R, et al. Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD006506.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006506.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25914904?tool=bestpractice.com[51]van den Heijkant TC, Costes LM, van der Lee DG, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of gum chewing on postoperative ileus and inflammation in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2015;102:202-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25524125?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Zhu YP, Wang WJ, Zhang SL, et al. Effects of gum chewing on postoperative bowel motility after caesarean section: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BJOG. 2014;121:787-792.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1471-0528.12662/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24629205?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Andersson T, Bjerså K, Falk K, et al. Effects of chewing gum against postoperative ileus after pancreaticoduodenectomy--a randomized controlled trial. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:37.http://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-015-0996-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25886536?tool=bestpractice.com手术后肠梗阻持续时间和安全数据:有中等质量证据表明术后患者嚼口香糖是安全的,可以有效缩短手术后肠梗阻的持续时间。[35]Short V, Herbert G, Perry R, et al. Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD006506.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006506.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25914904?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。关于嚼口香糖这一方法并无具体指南,但是大量现有文献建议,只要患者的误吸危险较低、具备合适的认知水平以及没有口腔疾病妨碍这一行为,可每 8 小时嚼一块无糖口香糖。[35]Short V, Herbert G, Perry R, et al. Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD006506.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006506.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25914904?tool=bestpractice.com
有明显腹胀和反复呕吐的患者应置入鼻胃 (NG) 管。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: CT 扫描可见明显扩张型胃源于 Paula I. Denoya 医生的个人收藏 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 鼻胃管源于 Paula I. Denoya 医生的个人收藏 [Citation ends].应测定胃液引流量,而损失量则应通过静脉注射生理盐水来补充。根据反复测定引流液量和肠梗阻临床症状的缓解情况来决定是否摘除鼻胃管。摘除鼻胃管前,评估患者腹胀及腹部痉挛是否缓解,鼻胃管引流液量是否减少和排气排便是否正常。若患者再次出现肠梗阻发作迹象,如腹胀和呕吐,则可能需要重新插回鼻胃管。
持续性术后肠梗阻(长达 3 天以上)患者可能禁食数星期,在此期间需要营养支持。若患者 7-10 天以上明显无法进食,建议肠外营养。这些患者需要中心静脉通道。中心静脉导管与医源性损伤的风险增加有关,这些损伤包括周围血管损伤、气胸、深静脉血栓 (DVT) 及中心静脉导管相关性菌血症。
潜在病因的管理
应治疗脓毒症、腹内感染或其他急性/系统性疾病在内的潜在疾病。
某些药剂(如阿片类药物、抗胆碱能类药物)会使胃肠动力减少,可引发肠梗阻,因此应停用或减少使用这些药物。
电解质失调可能与肠梗阻有关,尤其是高镁血症。[57]Golzarian J, Scott HW Jr, Richards WO. Hypermagnesemia-induced paralytic ileus. Dig Dis Sci. 1994;39:1138-1142.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8174429?tool=bestpractice.com应根据需要监测并调整电解质。
其他评估疗法
泛影葡胺/泛影钠溶液 (Gastrografin®) 是一种水溶性碘化不透射线的造影剂,已经证明其能有效治疗小肠梗阻患者。然而,两项随机对照试验 (RCT) 未能证明其治疗手术后肠梗阻的有效性。[62]Vather R, Josephson R, Jaung R, et al. Gastrografin in prolonged postoperative ileus: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2015;262:23-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25575258?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Biondo S, Miquel J, Espin-Basany E, et al. A double-blinded randomized clinical study on the therapeutic effect of gastrografin in prolonged postoperative ileus after elective colorectal surgery. World J Surg. 2016;40:206-214.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26446450?tool=bestpractice.com
用于治疗肠梗阻的促动力药物效果不佳。[43]Traut U, Brügger L, Kunz R, et al. Systemic prokinetic pharmacologic treatment for postoperative adynamic ileus following abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004930.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004930.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254064?tool=bestpractice.com甲氧氯普胺可有效治疗胃排空延迟,而随机对照试验并未证明它对术后肠梗阻有帮助。[64]Cheape JD, Wexner SD, James K, et al. Does metoclopramide reduce the length of ileus after colorectal surgery? A prospective randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:437-441.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2036922?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Seta ML, Kale-Pradhan PB. Efficacy of metoclopramide in postoperative ileus after exploratory laparotomy. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21:1181-1186.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11601663?tool=bestpractice.com静脉注射红霉素对治疗术后肠梗阻没有帮助,[66]Smith AJ, Nissan A, Lanouette NM, et al. Prokinetic effect of erythromycin after colorectal surgery: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:333-337.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10733114?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Lightfoot AJ, Eno M, Kreder KJ, et al. Treatment of postoperative ileus after bowel surgery with low-dose intravenous erythromycin. Urology. 2007;69:611-615.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17445634?tool=bestpractice.com术后肠梗阻持续时间:有中等质量证据表明红霉素和甲氧氯普胺不会缩短肠梗阻的持续时间。[43]Traut U, Brügger L, Kunz R, et al. Systemic prokinetic pharmacologic treatment for postoperative adynamic ileus following abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004930.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004930.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254064?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Cheape JD, Wexner SD, James K, et al. Does metoclopramide reduce the length of ileus after colorectal surgery? A prospective randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:437-441.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2036922?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Seta ML, Kale-Pradhan PB. Efficacy of metoclopramide in postoperative ileus after exploratory laparotomy. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21:1181-1186.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11601663?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Smith AJ, Nissan A, Lanouette NM, et al. Prokinetic effect of erythromycin after colorectal surgery: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43:333-337.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10733114?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Lightfoot AJ, Eno M, Kreder KJ, et al. Treatment of postoperative ileus after bowel surgery with low-dose intravenous erythromycin. Urology. 2007;69:611-615.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17445634?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Kraft MD. Emerging pharmacologic options for treating postoperative ileus. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007;64:S13-S20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17909271?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。而证据不足以支持推荐使用胆囊收缩素类药物、西沙必利、多巴胺激动剂、普萘洛尔或加压素。[43]Traut U, Brügger L, Kunz R, et al. Systemic prokinetic pharmacologic treatment for postoperative adynamic ileus following abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004930.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004930.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254064?tool=bestpractice.com