高泌乳素血症的临床表现多种多样,取决于患者的特征、催乳素 (PRL) 升高原因和程度。评估主诉时通常可发现高泌乳素血症的临床表现,这些主诉包括闭经、溢乳、勃起功能障碍或头痛等。
一旦确诊高泌乳素血症(血清 PRL 水平高于正常参考值范围 [因特定实验室而异] ),需要通过分步方案评估潜在原因。建议单次测量血清 PRL。无需动态监测 PRL 分泌。[41]Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al; Endocrine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273-88.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/96/2/273/2709487http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21296991?tool=bestpractice.com 对于有症状的非生理性高泌乳素血症患者,建议第一步排除药物、肾功能衰竭、甲状腺功能亢进、鞍旁肿瘤这些可能的病因。[3]Mah PM, Webster J. Hyperprolactinemia: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Nov;20(4):365-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12536359?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al; Endocrine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273-88.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/96/2/273/2709487http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21296991?tool=bestpractice.com
高泌乳素血症的病因诊断
实验室检查有助于明确病因:
肝功能和肾功能检查
甲状腺功能检测
妊娠试验
巨泌乳素水平(在无症状或无典型表现时测量)。[41]Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al; Endocrine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273-88.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/96/2/273/2709487http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21296991?tool=bestpractice.com
影像学检查
一旦排除生理性、药物诱发性和继发性高泌乳素血症,应行垂体磁共振成像 (MRI) 扫描。
如果存在大腺瘤,应检查患者是否存在垂体功能减退症。
如果MRI未发现病灶,则可诊断特发性高泌乳素血症。
影像学提示存在的垂体瘤,而PRL仅轻度升高,可连续稀释血清样本以消除测量误差,有些免疫放射分析可产生测量误差,进而导致PRL读数错误地显示为低水平。[41]Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al; Endocrine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273-88.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/96/2/273/2709487http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21296991?tool=bestpractice.com
临床病史和检查
在高泌乳素血症患者的评估期间,应获取详细的既往史、药物使用史、家族史,并行全面的体格检查,关注PRL水平升高的症状及体征。
对于男性和女性,高催乳素血症的主要临床后果是低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退,这是由 PRL 升高干扰促性腺激素释放激素脉冲式释放所致。这导致卵泡刺激素 (follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH) 和黄体生成素 (luteinising hormone, LH) 水平降低,同时雌激素和睾酮水平减低,表现出特征性的临床症状。
高泌乳素血症患者有很多症状和体征,取决于其严重程度和病因:
在男性和女性中,泌乳素瘤,尤其是大泌乳素瘤(直径> 10mm),可产生“占位效应”的症状和体征。 这些包括头痛、视力丧失或视野缺损、颅神经疾病和惊厥发作。 垂体功能减退也可能因下丘脑垂体柄或其他垂体细胞受到压迫而引起。[1]Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Aug;65(2):265-73.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886971?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Serri O, Chik CL, Ur E, et al. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia. CMAJ. 2003 Sep 16;169(6):575-81.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/6/575.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12975226?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Mah PM, Webster J. Hyperprolactinemia: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Nov;20(4):365-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12536359?tool=bestpractice.com 垂体功能减退可涉及任何或全部由垂体调节的内分泌轴。按发生率高低排序,它会导致生长激素 (growth hormone, GH) 缺乏、继发性性腺功能减退、继发性甲状腺功能减退和继发性肾上腺皮质功能衰竭。也可引起尿崩症。[42]Hammer F, Arlt W. Hypopituitarism [in German]. Internist (Berl). 2004 Jul;45(7):795-811.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15241506?tool=bestpractice.com
对于女性,中度 PRL 水平升高(即 2217-3261 pmol/L [51 - 75 μg/L]),通常与月经过少相关,而轻度 PRL 升高(即 1348 - 2174 pmol/L [31-50 μg/L])可导致黄体期缩短、生育能力和性欲降低。[2]Serri O, Chik CL, Ur E, et al. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia. CMAJ. 2003 Sep 16;169(6):575-81.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/6/575.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12975226?tool=bestpractice.com
高泌乳素血症的症状和体征也取决于患者的年龄和性别:
绝经前女性通常 PRL 水平>4348 pmol/L (100 μg/L),可出现溢乳、月经稀发/闭经、不孕、月经紊乱、性欲减退、性功能障碍、多毛症、阴道干涩伴性交疼痛、习惯性流产和妊娠的可能性。
绝经后的妇女通常表现为占位效应的体征和症状,溢乳只发生在雌激素替代治疗时。[1]Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Aug;65(2):265-73.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886971?tool=bestpractice.com
绝经后女性的其他临床表现包括骨量减少和骨质疏松症(身高降低和背部疼痛,但不伴病理性骨折风险增加)[1]Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Aug;65(2):265-73.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886971?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Serri O, Chik CL, Ur E, et al. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia. CMAJ. 2003 Sep 16;169(6):575-81.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/6/575.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12975226?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Mah PM, Webster J. Hyperprolactinemia: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Nov;20(4):365-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12536359?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Klibanski A, Neer RM, Beitins IZ, et al. Decreased bone density in hyperprolactinemic women. N Engl J Med. 1980 Dec 25;303(26):1511-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7432421?tool=bestpractice.com)PRL 水平升高引起的低雌激素血症,以及多毛症和痤疮,后两者可能是由肾上腺的硫酸脱氢表雄酮 (dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, DHEAS) 分泌增多(也被称为高雄激素血症)所致。[44]Biller BM. Hyperprolactinemia. Int J Fertil Womens Med. 1999 Mar-Apr;44(2):74-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10338264?tool=bestpractice.com
男性表现为不育(由于精子产生减少),性无能(由于勃起功能障碍),性欲减退,乳溢,男子乳房女性化,骨密度降低,占位效应的症状和体征。[1]Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Aug;65(2):265-73.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886971?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Serri O, Chik CL, Ur E, et al. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia. CMAJ. 2003 Sep 16;169(6):575-81.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/6/575.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12975226?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Mah PM, Webster J. Hyperprolactinemia: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Nov;20(4):365-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12536359?tool=bestpractice.com
儿童表现为青春期延迟,占位效应的症状和体征(男女均可出现),女孩出现原发性闭经和溢乳。[45]Fideleff HL, Boquete HR, Sequera A, et al. Peripubertal prolactinomas: clinical presentation and long-term outcome with different therapeutic approaches. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Mar;13(3):261-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10714751?tool=bestpractice.com
评估与高泌乳素血症的可能病因相关的症状和体征,如甲状腺功能减退(乏力、怕冷、便秘、月经失调、肌肉痉挛、体重增加、甲状腺肿物、皮肤粗糙、干燥及发凉、脸和手肿胀、声音沙哑、反应慢、指甲薄脆、胡萝卜素样肤色)和其他系统性疾病包括慢性肾功能衰竭(尿毒症面容,高血压,皮肤黄染、尿毒症的恶臭、精神状态差)、肝硬化(肝脾肿大、体重减轻、腹水、黄疸、周围水肿、脑病、发热、浅静脉扩张)。 高泌乳素血症一直被认为与临床前期动脉粥样硬化相关(通过评估颈动脉中内膜厚度)同时与代谢异常(如胰岛素抵抗)和系统性炎症(通过评估高敏c反应蛋白水平的升高)相关。[46]Serri O, Li L, Mamputu JC, et al. The influences of hyperprolactinemia and obesity on cardiovascular risk markers: effects of cabergoline therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Apr;64(4):366-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16584506?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Arslan MS, Topaloglu O, Sahin M, et al. Preclinical atherosclerosis in patients with prolactinoma. Endocr Pract. 2014 May;20(5):447-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24325995?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Wagner R, Heni M, Linder K, et al. Age-dependent association of serum prolactin with glycaemia and insulin sensitivity in humans. Acta Diabetol. 2014 Feb;51(1):71-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23836327?tool=bestpractice.com
需要全面询问病史以寻找升高PRL水平的药物。 停用这些药物。
高泌乳素血症的生理原因,如妊娠、哺乳期、低血糖、心肌梗死、手术、心理压力、运动、进食、性生活和睡眠,也应进行排除。
体格检查应包括胸腹部及乳腺,寻找肝硬化的体征,以及创伤(如烧伤、擦伤)和手术疤痕。 甲状腺触诊(识别甲状腺肿)、眼科检查(特别注意视野)和也应检查是否存在性腺功能减退(如检查睾丸大小和质地,体毛)。
检查
最初的诊断应关注识别非肿瘤病因,因为这将避免不必要的计算机体层成像 (CT) 和 MRI 扫描的费用和相关风险。
血液检测
当PRL值不足以诊断时,应在另一天重新评估PRL水平,在患者醒后或饭后至少1小时。 为了避免脉冲式分泌,2份或3份样本采集的时间间隔需至少为15到20分钟。[1]Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Aug;65(2):265-73.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886971?tool=bestpractice.com (但是一些试验显示这些数值之间没有显著差异)。[17]Cortet-Rudelli C, Sapin R, Bonneville JF, et al. Etiological diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2007 Jun;68(2-3):98-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17524347?tool=bestpractice.com 应激是一个混淆因素,可导致27%的患者出现假性高泌乳素血症。 在这些情况下,可使用肘前静脉置管抽血作一个重复样本测定或卧床休息120分钟后采集样本,可以非常可靠地解决这些问题。 如果随机 PRL 值低于 4087 pmol/L (94 µg/L),可以考虑采集休息时的样本。[49]Whyte MB, Pramodh S, Srikugan L, et al. Importance of cannulated prolactin test in the definition of hyperprolactinaemia. Pituitary. 2015 Jun;18(3):319-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24879500?tool=bestpractice.com 在咨询专科医生意见(如精神科医生或心内科医生的建议)的前提下,在第二次采集样本之前,应停用已知能增高 PRL 水平的药物。[25]Molitch ME. Medication-induced hyperprolactinemia. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005 Aug;80(8):1050-7.https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)61587-5/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16092584?tool=bestpractice.com 应停用已知能增高 PRL 的药物。停药的时长取决于药物半衰期,通常在 48-72 小时之间。不需要暂停口服避孕药或雌孕激素治疗。[17]Cortet-Rudelli C, Sapin R, Bonneville JF, et al. Etiological diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2007 Jun;68(2-3):98-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17524347?tool=bestpractice.com
分别检测电解质、尿素氮、尿液分析、肝功能、白蛋白、甲状腺功能 (促甲状腺激素 [TSH]、游离甲状腺素 [T4])、凝血酶原时间,以评估肝肾功能和甲状腺功能。
也应行妊娠试验以排除妊娠相关的高泌乳素血症。[1]Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Aug;65(2):265-73.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886971?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Serri O, Chik CL, Ur E, et al. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia. CMAJ. 2003 Sep 16;169(6):575-81.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/6/575.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12975226?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Mah PM, Webster J. Hyperprolactinemia: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Nov;20(4):365-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12536359?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Cortet-Rudelli C, Sapin R, Bonneville JF, et al. Etiological diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2007 Jun;68(2-3):98-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17524347?tool=bestpractice.com
在无症状或临床表现不典型,或者月经失调可归因于其他原因(如多囊卵巢综合征)时,应该通过聚乙二醇 (polyethylene glycol, PEG) 沉淀法测定 PRL,以排除巨泌乳素血症。PEG 沉淀过程和实验室报告的协调性可提高诊断准确性。凝胶过滤色谱法是另一种检查方法,但它费时,价格昂贵,尚未常规应用于临床实验室。分离出巨型 PRL 后,再评估 PRL 浓度,并使用更合理的 PRL 参考值范围,这样做有助于鉴别真性高泌乳素血症和假性高泌乳素血症。[1]Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Aug;65(2):265-73.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886971?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Serri O, Chik CL, Ur E, et al. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia. CMAJ. 2003 Sep 16;169(6):575-81.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/6/575.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12975226?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Mah PM, Webster J. Hyperprolactinemia: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Nov;20(4):365-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12536359?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Gibney J, Smith TP, McKenna TJ. Clinical relevance of macroprolactin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Jun;62(6):633-43.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02243.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15943822?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Cortet-Rudelli C, Sapin R, Bonneville JF, et al. Etiological diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2007 Jun;68(2-3):98-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17524347?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Saleem M, Martin H, Coates P. Prolactin biology and laboratory measurement: an update on physiology and current analytical issues. Clin Biochem Rev. 2018 Feb;39(1):3-16.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6069739/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30072818?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Beda-Maluga K, Pisarek H, Komorowski J, et al. Evaluation of hyperprolactinaemia with the use of the intervals for prolactin after macroforms separation. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2014 Jun;65(3):359-64.http://www.jpp.krakow.pl/journal/archive/06_14/pdf/359_06_14_article.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24930507?tool=bestpractice.com
PRL 刺激试验包括促甲状腺激素释放激素和抗多巴胺(甲氧氯普胺、多潘立酮)试验,但这些检测在确定是否需行后续影像学检查方面的敏感性和诊断价值而言偏低。[17]Cortet-Rudelli C, Sapin R, Bonneville JF, et al. Etiological diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2007 Jun;68(2-3):98-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17524347?tool=bestpractice.com
影像学检查
排除可导致高泌乳素血症的生理性、药理性和其他继发性病因后,需要行选择性拍摄垂体断面的头部MRI,以评估患者是否存在肿瘤。 MRI优于CT,因为CT可能会遗漏微小病灶,并且使患者暴露于大剂量辐射。[1]Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Aug;65(2):265-73.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886971?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Serri O, Chik CL, Ur E, et al. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia. CMAJ. 2003 Sep 16;169(6):575-81.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/6/575.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12975226?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Mah PM, Webster J. Hyperprolactinemia: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Nov;20(4):365-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12536359?tool=bestpractice.com
如果存在钙化性蝶鞍或鞍上肿瘤,例如颅咽管瘤,或累及骨性结构时,需要 CT 扫描。
在缺乏症状时,MRI发现垂体腺瘤的临床意义是不确定的。这是由于多达10%无症状患者影像学发现的垂体腺瘤可以排除垂体异常,这些腺瘤被称之为意外瘤。[51]Hall WA, Luciano MG, Doppman JL, et al. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in normal human volunteers: occult adenomas in the general population. Ann Intern Med. 1994 May 15;120(10):817-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8154641?tool=bestpractice.com
一些研究者建议仅在 PRL 水平>4348 pmol/L (100 μg/L) 时,进行 MRI 评估[52]Rand T, Kink E, Sator M, et al. MRI of microadenomas in patients with hyperprolactinaemia. Neuroradiology. 1996 Nov;38(8):744-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8957798?tool=bestpractice.com 然而另一些人建议,如果 PRL 水平持续升高,但未发现可识别的高催乳素血症继发性病因,则所有此类患者均应行 MRI 检查。[3]Mah PM, Webster J. Hyperprolactinemia: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Nov;20(4):365-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12536359?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Biller BM, Luciano A, Crosignani PG, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia. J Reprod Med. 1999 Dec;44(12 Suppl):1075-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10649814?tool=bestpractice.com
用于鉴别催乳素瘤与非功能性垂体腺瘤 (non-functioning pituitary adenoma, NFPA) 的最佳 PRL 临界值尚未确定。然而,在肿瘤向蝶鞍扩张的 NFPA 患者中,有 98.7% 的患者 PRL 水平低于 4087 pmol/L(94 µg/L 或 2000 mU/L),这表明血清 PRL 水平高达 4348 pmol/L (100 µg/L) 可能是一个有用的临界值(基于 1087 pmol/L [25 µg/L] PRL 是女性的正常范围上限)。[1]Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Aug;65(2):265-73.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886971?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Karavitaki N, Thanabalasingham G, Shore HC, et al. Do the limits of serum prolactin in disconnection hyperprolactinaemia need re-definition? A study of 226 patients with histologically verified non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Oct;65(4):524-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984247?tool=bestpractice.com 类似地,一项回顾性评价研究发现,只有 4.2% NFPA 患者的 PRL 水平>3913 pmol/L (90 µg/L)。[55]Kawaguchi T, Ogawa Y, Tominaga T. Diagnostic pitfalls of hyperprolactinemia: the importance of sequential pituitary imaging. BMC Res Notes. 2014 Aug 20;7:555.https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-7-555http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25142896?tool=bestpractice.com
如果发现大腺瘤,应通过评估患者的其他垂体激素和垂体靶器官激素水平(促肾上腺皮质激素、黄体生成素、促卵泡激素、生长激素、促甲状腺激素、游离甲状腺素、葡萄糖耐量试验、皮质醇、睾酮、雌二醇、脱氢表雄酮、胰岛素样生长因子 1)进一步筛查患者是否存在垂体功能减退。[1]Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Aug;65(2):265-73.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886971?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Serri O, Chik CL, Ur E, et al. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia. CMAJ. 2003 Sep 16;169(6):575-81.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/6/575.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12975226?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Mah PM, Webster J. Hyperprolactinemia: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Semin Reprod Med. 2002 Nov;20(4):365-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12536359?tool=bestpractice.com 一些临床医生通常会测定这些激素的初始基础值,以排除相关的高分泌,并确定基线参考值,以便评价未来干预的影响。[56]Giustina A, Barkan A, Casanueva FF, et al. Criteria for cure of acromegaly: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Feb;85(2):526-9.https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/85/2/526/2852237http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10690849?tool=bestpractice.com
如果在轻度高泌乳素血症的患者中发现大腺瘤,最可能的诊断是不产生PRL的垂体腺瘤或其他蝶鞍肿瘤导致的“垂体柄效应”。[2]Serri O, Chik CL, Ur E, et al. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia. CMAJ. 2003 Sep 16;169(6):575-81.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/169/6/575.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12975226?tool=bestpractice.com
一些巨泌乳素瘤(巨大腺瘤>2cm)可出现PRL水平在正常范围,甚至低于正常,这种现象称为“鱼钩效应”。 这种效果是由于PRL抗体在测定管中被饱和(通常为放射免疫测定法),而造成的一种假性结果。 1比100稀释后进一步测量PRL,可诊断这种情况。[1]Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Aug;65(2):265-73.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16886971?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Cortet-Rudelli C, Sapin R, Bonneville JF, et al. Etiological diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2007 Jun;68(2-3):98-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17524347?tool=bestpractice.com
如果可以排除生理性、药物诱发性和继发性高泌乳素血症,同时MRI扫描未发现病灶,可诊断特发性高泌乳素血症。