心肌梗死:VT常见于急性心肌梗死患者。陈旧性心肌梗死形成的心肌瘢痕容易导致患者出现折返而形成VT,继而出现心悸。既往有 MI,尤其是那些发展为充血性心力衰竭的患者,同样特别容易发生心房颤动和扑动。[8]Wolfe RR, Driscoll DJ, Gersony WM, et al. Arrhythmias in patients with valvar aortic stenosis, valvar pulmonary stenosis, and ventricular septal defect: results of 24-hour ECG monitoring. Circulation. 1993;87(2 suppl):I89-I101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8425327?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com[1]Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME. Evaluation of patients with palpitations. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1369-1373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9571258?tool=bestpractice.com
扩张性心肌病:与 VT 和心房颤动的频率增加相关。[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com[1]Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME. Evaluation of patients with palpitations. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1369-1373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9571258?tool=bestpractice.com
肥厚性梗阻型心肌病:以LVH为特征的家族遗传性综合征,可出现各种心律失常导致心悸,也可出现活动后呼吸困难、先兆晕厥和晕厥。心律失常可以是室上性的如心房颤动、VPC,或室性的(通常是非持续性 VT)。[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com[1]Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME. Evaluation of patients with palpitations. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1369-1373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9571258?tool=bestpractice.com
致心律失常性右室心肌病:虽然罕见,常以心悸为首发症状。[9]Sen-Chowdhry S, Lowe MD, Sporton SC, et al. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Am J Med. 2004;117:685-695.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15501207?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com[1]Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME. Evaluation of patients with palpitations. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1369-1373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9571258?tool=bestpractice.com
二尖瓣脱垂:心悸(常因室上性心动过速)经常在这种疾病中出现,尤其当存在明显二尖瓣反流的时候。[10]Josephson ME, Wellens HJ. Differential diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardia. Cardiol Clin. 1990;8:411-442.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2205383?tool=bestpractice.com[11]La Vecchia L, Ometto R, Centofante P, et al. Arrhythmic profile, ventricular function, and histomorphometric findings in patients with idiopathic ventricular tachycardia and mitral valve prolapse: clinical and prognostic evaluation. Clin Cardiol. 1998;21:731-735.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9789693?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com[1]Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME. Evaluation of patients with palpitations. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1369-1373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9571258?tool=bestpractice.com
Ebstein 畸形(三尖瓣环的先天畸形):AV 旁路通道与这种疾病相关,经常导致房室折返性心动过速。[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com[1]Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME. Evaluation of patients with palpitations. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1369-1373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9571258?tool=bestpractice.com
心脏瓣膜异常(狭窄或返流):通常可导致心房扩大,诱发心房颤动和扑动。[8]Wolfe RR, Driscoll DJ, Gersony WM, et al. Arrhythmias in patients with valvar aortic stenosis, valvar pulmonary stenosis, and ventricular septal defect: results of 24-hour ECG monitoring. Circulation. 1993;87(2 suppl):I89-I101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8425327?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com[1]Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME. Evaluation of patients with palpitations. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1369-1373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9571258?tool=bestpractice.com
先天性心脏缺陷:修补或未修补的房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损和法洛四联症可通过手术疤痕周围折返导致 VT 或由于显著的心房扩大导致房性快速性心律失常。[12]Gatzoulis MA, Balaji S, Webber SA, et al. Risk factors for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a multicentre study. Lancet. 2000;356:975-981.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11041398?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com[1]Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME. Evaluation of patients with palpitations. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1369-1373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9571258?tool=bestpractice.com
心包炎:可突然出现心房颤动,特别是心脏手术后。[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com[1]Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME. Evaluation of patients with palpitations. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1369-1373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9571258?tool=bestpractice.com
心脏手术:任何心脏手术形成切开,如心肺分流术时的心房置管、暴露二尖瓣,均会形成瘢痕,可诱发折返性心动过速。
惊恐障碍[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com
焦虑障碍[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com
贫血[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com
发热[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com
甲状腺功能亢进症:可引起窦性心动过速或心房颤动[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com
嗜铬细胞瘤:心悸伴出汗和头痛[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com
食用酒精:特别是狂饮性饮酒可能导致心房颤动[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com
药物:延长 QT 间期的药物可能诱发多形性 VT[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com
咖啡因的使用:可能增加 VPC 和 APC 的频率。[2]Abbott AV. Diagnostic approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:743-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15742913?tool=bestpractice.com
电解质紊乱:电解质紊乱(尤其是低钾血症和低镁血症)可使患者出现多种心律失常,从APCs、VPCs到心房颤动,常触发和/或诱发VT。