高钾血症的评估

Mattu A, Brady WJ, Robinson DA. Electrocardiographic manifestations of hyperkalemia. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18:721-729.

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Palmer BF. Managing hyperkalemia caused by inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:585-592.

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Sica DA. Antihypertensive therapy and its effects on potassium homeostasis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2006;8:67-73.

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Weir MR, Bakris GL, Bushinsky DA, et al. Patiromer in patients with kidney disease and hyperkalemia receiving RAAS inhibitors. NEJM. 2015;372:211-221.

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Bushinsky DA, Williams GH, Pitt B, et al. Patiromer induces rapid and sustained potassium lowering in patients with chronic kidney disease and hyperkalemia. Kidney Int. 2015;88:1427-1433.

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1.  Mattu A, Brady WJ, Robinson DA. Electrocardiographic manifestations of hyperkalemia. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18:721-729.

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2.  Chan R, Sealey JE, Michelis MF, et al. Renin-aldosterone system can respond to furosemide in patients with hyperkalemic hyporeninism. J Lab Clin Med. 1998;132:229-235.

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3.  Tamarisa KP, Aaronson KD, Koelling TM. Spironolactone-induced renal insufficiency and hyperkalemia in patients with heart failure. Am Heart J. 2004;148:971-978.

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4.  Chua D, Lo A, Lo C. Spironolactone use in heart failure patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: is it safe? Clin Cardiol. 2010;33:604-608.

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5.  Schlondorff D. Renal complications of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Kidney Int. 1993;44:643-653.

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6.  Velazquez H, Perazella MA, Wright FS, et al. Renal mechanism of trimethoprim-induced hyperkalemia. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119:296-301.

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7.  Lachaal M, Venuto RC. Nephrotoxicity and hyperkalemia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated with pentamidine. Am J Med. 1989;87:260-263.

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8.  Palmer BF. Managing hyperkalemia caused by inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:585-592.

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9.  Bakris GL, Siomos M, Richardson D, et al. ACE inhibition or angiotensin receptor blockade: impact on potassium in renal failure. VAL-K Study Group. Kidney Int. 2000;58:2084-2092.

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10.  Venzin RM, Cohen CD, Maggiorini M, et al. Aliskiren-associated acute renal failure with hyperkalemia. Clin Nephrol. 2009;98:326-328.

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11.  Oster JR, Singer I, Fishman LM. Heparin-induced aldosterone suppression and hyperkalemia. Am J Med. 1995;71:575-586.

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12.  Pei Y, Richardson R, Greenwood C, et al. Extrarenal effect of cyclosporine A on potassium homeostasis in renal transplant recipients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993;22:314-319.

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13.  Bushinsky DA, Gennari FJ. Life-threatening hyperkalemia induced by arginine. Ann Intern Med. 1978;89:632-634.

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14.  Seto A, Murakami M, Fukuyama H, et al. Ventricular tachycardia caused by hyperkalemia after administration of hypertonic mannitol. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:1359-1361.

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15.  Gennari FJ. Hypokalemia. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:451-458.

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16.  Sica DA. Antihypertensive therapy and its effects on potassium homeostasis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2006;8:67-73.

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17.  Borron SW, Bismuth C, Muszynski J. Advances in the management of digoxin toxicity in the older patient. Drugs Aging. 1997;10:18-33.

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18.  Gronert GA. Cardiac arrest after succinylcholine: Mortality greater with rhabdomyolysis than receptor upregulation. Anesthesiology. 2001;94:523-529.

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19.  Ochoa-Gomez J, Villar-Arias A, Aresti I, et al. A case of severe hyperkalaemia and compartment syndrome due to rhabdomyolysis after drugs abuse. Resuscitation. 2002;54:103-105.

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20.  Kalemkerian GP, Darwish B, Varterasian ML. Tumor lysis syndrome in small cell carcinoma and other solid tumors. Am J Med. 1997;103:363-367.

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21.  Colussi G, Cipriani D. Pseudohyperkalemia in extreme leukocytosis. Am J Nephrol. 1995;15:450-452.

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22.  Graber M, Subramani K, Corish D, et al. Thrombocytosis elevates serum potassium. Am J Kidney Dis. 1988;12:116-120.

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23.  Saperstein DS. Muscle channelopathies. Semin Neurol. 2008;28:260-269.

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24.  Weir MR, Bakris GL, Bushinsky DA, et al. Patiromer in patients with kidney disease and hyperkalemia receiving RAAS inhibitors. NEJM. 2015;372:211-221.

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25.  Bakris GL, Pitt B, Weir MR, Freeman MW, et. al. Effect of Patiromer on serum potassium level in patients with hyperkalemia and diabetic kidney disease: the AMETHYST-DN randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314:151-161.

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26.  Bushinsky DA, Williams GH, Pitt B, et al. Patiromer induces rapid and sustained potassium lowering in patients with chronic kidney disease and hyperkalemia. Kidney Int. 2015;88:1427-1433.

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27.  Cheng CJ, Chiu JS, Huang WH, et al. Acute hyperkalemic paralysis in a uremic patient. J Nephrol. 2005;18:630-633.

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28.  Diercks DB, Shumaik GM, Harrigan RA. Electrocardiographic manifestations: electrolyte abnormalities. J Emerg Med. 2004;27:153-160.

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29.  Choi MJ, Ziyadeh FN. The utility of the transtubular potassium gradient in the evaluation of hyperkalemia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:424-426.

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30.  Wasserman K, Stringer WW, Casaburi R, et al. Mechanism of the exercise hyperkalemia: an alternate hypothesis. J Appl Physiol 1997;83:631-643.

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