慢阻肺是排名全球第 4 位的致死原因,在美国是排名第 3 位的死亡原因。[1]Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. November 2017 [internet publication]http://goldcopd.org/gold-reports/[3]Hanania NA, Marciniuk DD. A unified front against COPD: clinical practice guidelines from the American College of Physicians, the American College of Chest Physicians, the American Thoracic Society, and the European Respiratory Society. Chest. 2011;140:565-566.http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1088146http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21896511?tool=bestpractice.com 在 1970-2002 年期间,由慢阻肺引起的病死率增加超过 100%。[4]Jemal A, Ward E, Hao Y. Trends in the leading causes of death in the United States, 1970-2002. JAMA. 2005;294:1255-1259.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/294/10/1255http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16160134?tool=bestpractice.com 在美国,没有其他主要致死原因以如此快的速度增长。在全球范围内,慢阻肺占致死病因的比例在高收入国家为 3.8%,在低收入国家为 4.9%。[5]Mannino DM, Buist AS. Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet. 2007;370:765-773.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765526?tool=bestpractice.com
不同国家之间慢阻肺的患病率有很大差别。 [6]Mannino DM, Doherty DE, Sonia Buist A. Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of lung disease and mortality: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Respir Med. 2006;100:115-122.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893923?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, et al. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study. Lancet. 2007;370:741-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765523?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Menezes AM, Perez-Padilla R, Jardim JR, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five Latin American cities (the PLATINO study): a prevalence study. Lancet. 2005;366:1875-1881.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310554?tool=bestpractice.com 这可能和吸烟、室内和职业污染物的暴露程度不同有关。[5]Mannino DM, Buist AS. Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet. 2007;370:765-773.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765526?tool=bestpractice.com 在英国,1990-1997年间,经医生诊断的COPD的患病率在男性中为2%,女性中为1%。[9]Soriano JB, Maier WC, Egger P, et al. Recent trends in physician diagnosed COPD in women and men in the UK. Thorax. 2000;55:789-794.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1745847&blobtype=pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10950900?tool=bestpractice.com 过去,男性慢阻肺的发病率更高。这种差别认为主要是由于烟草和职业污染物的暴露多所致。调查发现慢阻肺在男性和女性的患病率趋于相等。[7]Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, et al. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study. Lancet. 2007;370:741-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17765523?tool=bestpractice.com[10]de Torres JP, Casanova C, Hernandez C, et al. Gender and COPD in patients attending a pulmonary clinic. Chest. 2005;128:2012-2016.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16236849?tool=bestpractice.com 慢阻肺对健康资源是一个重要负担。[6]Mannino DM, Doherty DE, Sonia Buist A. Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of lung disease and mortality: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Respir Med. 2006;100:115-122.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893923?tool=bestpractice.com 急性加重是慢阻肺患者病死率和致残率高的主要因素,而每年急性加重的次数(中位数)为 1-3 次。[11]Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Bhowmik A, et al. Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1608-1613.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10806163?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Paul EA, et al. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:1418-1422.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9603117?tool=bestpractice.com 有明确证据显示慢阻肺临床表现重的患者整体病死率高。[6]Mannino DM, Doherty DE, Sonia Buist A. Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of lung disease and mortality: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Respir Med. 2006;100:115-122.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893923?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,病死率可能被低估,因为这一人群死亡经常归因于其他原因例如其他呼吸疾病、肺癌和心血管疾病。[6]Mannino DM, Doherty DE, Sonia Buist A. Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification of lung disease and mortality: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Respir Med. 2006;100:115-122.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15893923?tool=bestpractice.com
慢阻肺急性加重通常是由细菌或病毒感染、污染物或温度和湿度变化所诱发,表现为急性起病,患者的呼吸道症状、肺功能、健康状态和生活质量持续恶化。[11]Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Bhowmik A, et al. Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1608-1613.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10806163?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Rodriguez-Roisin R. COPD exacerbations.5: management. Thorax. 2006;61:535-544.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16738044?tool=bestpractice.com[14]O'Donnell DE, Parker CM. COPD exacerbations. 3: Pathophysiology. Thorax. 2006;61:354-361.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16565268?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Barberà JA, Roca J, Ferrer A, et al. Mechanisms of worsening gas exchange during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 1997;10:1285-1291.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/10/6/1285.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9192930?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Cote CG, Dordelly LJ, Celli BR. Impact of COPD exacerbations on patient-centered outcomes. Chest. 2007;131:696-704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17356082?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Spencer S, Jones PW; GLOBE Study Group. Time course of recovery of health status following an infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Thorax. 2003;58:589-593.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746751/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12832673?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Xu W, Collet JP, Shapiro S, et al. Negative impacts of unreported COPD exacerbations on health-related quality of life at 1 year. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:1022-1030.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19897555.?tool=bestpractice.com 冬季急性加重率和全因死亡率较高。[19]Rabe KF, Fabbri LM, Vogelmeier C, et al. Seasonal distribution of COPD exacerbations in the Prevention of Exacerbations with Tiotropium in COPD trial. Chest. 2013;143:711-719.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23188489?tool=bestpractice.com 慢阻肺急性加重,特别是中到重度的患者,对公共健康产生重大影响,增加医疗资源的使用、医疗花费,增加病死率。[20]Sutherland ER, Cherniack RM. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 24;350(26):2689-97.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15215485?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Ai-Ping C, Lee KH, Lim TK. In-hospital and 5-year mortality of patients treated in the ICU for acute exacerbation of COPD: a retrospective study. Chest. 2005;128:518-524.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16100133?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, et al. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2002;57:847-852.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12324669?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Seneff MG, Wagner DP, Wagner RP, et al. Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA. 1995;274:1852-1857.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7500534?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Soler-Cataluña JJ, Martínez-García MA, Román Sánchez P, et al. Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2005;60:925-931.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1747235/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16055622?tool=bestpractice.com 住院重度慢阻肺急性加重患者的早期死亡原因多为合并疾病,例如肺栓塞、肺炎或心力衰竭。 [25]Zvezdin B, Milutinov S, Kojicic M, et al. A postmortem analysis of major causes of early death in patients hospitalized with COPD exacerbation. Chest. 2009;136:376-380.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19318666?tool=bestpractice.com 在急性加重后的阶段,患者心肌梗死和卒中的风险仍高。[26]Donaldson GC, Hurst JR, Smith CJ, et al. Increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke following exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2010;137:1091-1097.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20022970?tool=bestpractice.com