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Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T, et al. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA. 2002;288:2421-2431.

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Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. January 2013. http://www.kdigo.org (last accessed 9 August 2017).

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Ginsberg JM, Chang BS, Matarese RA, et al. Use of single voided urine samples to estimate quantitative proteinuria. N Engl J Med. 1983;309:1543-1546.

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1.  Viswanathan G, Upadhyay A. Assessment of proteinuria. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2011;18:243-248.

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2.  Montañés Bermúdez R, Gràcia García S, Pérez Surribas D, et al. Consensus document. Recommendations on assessing proteinuria during the diagnosis and follow-up of chronic kidney disease. Nefrologia. 2011;31:331-345.

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3.  National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(suppl 1):S1-S266.

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4.  Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J, et al. The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report. Kidney Int. 2011;80:17-28.

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5.  Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium; Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:2073-2081.

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6.  Astor BC, Matsushita K, Gansevoort RT, et al. Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria are associated with mortality and end-stage renal disease. A collaborative meta-analysis of kidney disease population cohorts. Kidney Int. 2011;79:1331-1340.

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7.  van der Velde M, Matsushita K, Coresh J, et al. Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher albuminuria are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. A collaborative meta-analysis of high-risk population cohorts. Kidney Int. 2011;79:1341-1352.

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8.  Gansevoort RT, Matsushita K, van der Velde M, et al. Lower estimated GFR and higher albuminuria are associated with adverse kidney outcomes. A collaborative meta-analysis of general and high-risk population cohorts. Kidney Int. 2011;80:93-104.

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9.  British Medical Journal. Low eGFR and high albuminuria predict end stage kidney disease and death at all ages. BMJ. 2012;345:e7478.

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10.  Han SS, Ahn SY, Ryu J, et al. Proteinuria and hematuria are associated with acute kidney injury and mortality in critically ill patients: a retrospective observational study. BMC Nephrol. 2014;15:93.

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11.  Lin LY, Jenq CC, Liu CS, et al. Proteinuria can predict short-term prognosis in critically ill cirrhotic patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48:377-382.

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12.  Borrego J, Mazuecos A, Gentil MA, et al. Proteinuria as a predictive factor in the evolution of kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2013;45:3627-3629.

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13.  Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, et al. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1456-1462.

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14.  The GISEN Group. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. Lancet. 1997;349:1857-1863.

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15.  Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:861-869.

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16.  Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:851-860.

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17.  Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, et al; Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:870-878.

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18.  Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T, et al. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA. 2002;288:2421-2431.

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19.  Inker LA, Levey AS, Pandya K, et al. Early change in proteinuria as a surrogate end point for kidney disease progression: an individual patient meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64:74-85.

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20.  Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. January 2013. http://www.kdigo.org (last accessed 9 August 2017).

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21.  Grams ME, Li L, Greene TH, et al. Estimating time to ESRD using kidney failure risk equations: results from the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK). Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;65:394-402.

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22.  Astor BC, Hallan SI, Miller ER 3rd, et al. Glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the US population. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167:1226-1234.

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23.  Kawar B, Bello AK, El Nahas AM. High prevalence of microalbuminuria in the overweight and obese population: data from a UK population screening programme. Nephron Clin Pract. 2009;112:c205-c212.

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24.  Siedner MJ, Gelber AC, Rovin BH, et al. Diagnostic accuracy study of urine dipstick in relation to 24-hour measurement as a screening tool for proteinuria in lupus nephritis. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:84-90.

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25.  White SL, Yu R, Craig JC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipsticks for detection of albuminuria in the general community. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;58:19-28.

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26.  Comper WD, Osicka TM. Detection of urinary albumin. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2005;12:170-176.

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27.  McTaggart MP, Newall RG, Hirst JA, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care tests for detecting albuminuria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:550-557.

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28.  Wu HY, Peng YS, Chiang CK, et al. Diagnostic performance of random urine samples using albumin concentration vs ratio of albumin to creatinine for microalbuminuria screening in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:1108-1115.

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29.  Ginsberg JM, Chang BS, Matarese RA, et al. Use of single voided urine samples to estimate quantitative proteinuria. N Engl J Med. 1983;309:1543-1546.

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30.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic kidney disease in adults: assessment and management. January 2015. https://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 9 August 2017).

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31.  Johnson DW, Jones GR, Mathew TH, et al. Chronic kidney disease and measurement of albuminuria or proteinuria: a position statement. Med J Aust. 2012;197:224-225.

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32.  Papanna R, Mann LK, Kouides RW, et al. Protein/creatinine ratio in preeclampsia: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112:135-144.

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33.  Côté AM, Brown MA, Lam E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of urinary spot protein:creatinine ratio for proteinuria in hypertensive pregnant women: systematic review. BMJ. 2008 ;336:1003-1006.

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34.  Springberg PD, Garrett LE Jr, Thompson AL Jr, et al. Fixed and reproducible orthostatic proteinuria: results of a 20-year follow up study. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:516-519.

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35.  Hogg RJ, Portman RJ, Milliner D, et al. Evaluation and management of proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome in children: recommendations from a pediatric nephrology panel established at the National Kidney Foundation conference on proteinuria, albuminuria, risk assessment, detection, and elimination (PARADE). Pediatrics. 2000; 105:1242-1249.

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36.  Peterson PA, Evrin PE, Berggard I. Differentiation of glomerular, tubular, and normal proteinuria: determinations of urinary excretion of beta-2-macroglobulin, albumin, and total protein. J Clin Invest. 1969;48:1189-1198.

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37.  Kim HH, Kim JY, Kim SJ, et al. Overflow proteinuria as a manifestation of unrecognized polymyositis. Int Med Case Rep J. 2014;7:71-74.

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38.  Singhal R, Brimble KS, Thromboembolic complications in the nephrotic syndrome: pathophysiology and clinical management. Thromb Res. 2006;118:397-407.

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39.  Keane WF, Eknoyan G. Proteinuria, albuminuria, risk, assessment, detection, elimination (PARADE): a position paper of the National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;33:1004-1010.

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40.  Thorp ML, Smith DH, Johnson ES, et al. Proteinuria among patients with chronic kidney disease: a performance measure for improving patient outcomes. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2012;38:277-282.

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41.  Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206-1252.

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42.  American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2010. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(suppl 1):S11-S61.

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43.  Moyer VA; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for chronic kidney disease: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:567-570.

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