在评估疑似晕厥患者时,首先是鉴别晕厥与非晕厥性疾病,例如癫痫发作、跌倒、精神性假性晕厥、跌倒发作和短暂性脑缺血发作,并尽力明确病因(机制),以便进行适合的治疗。[1]Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, et al. 2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jun 1;39(21):1883-948.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/21/1883/4939241http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29562304?tool=bestpractice.com 几项研究的数据显示,在诊断原发性疾病的患者中,病史和体格检查能够确定 45% 的患者的晕厥潜在病因。[7]Linzer M, Yang EH, Estes NA 3rd, et al. Diagnosing syncope. Part 1: Value of history, physical examination, and electrocardiography. Clinical Efficacy Assessment Project of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Jun 15;126(12):989-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9182479?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Day SC, Cook EF, Funkenstein H, et al. Evaluation and outcome of emergency room patients with transient loss of consciousness. Am J Med. 1982 Jul;73(1):15-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7091170?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Silverstein MD, Singer DE, Mulley AG, et al. Patients with syncope admitted to medical intensive care units. JAMA. 1982 Sep 10;248(10):1185-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7109136?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Eagle KA, Black HR. The impact of diagnostic tests in evaluating patients with syncope. Yale J Biol Med. 1983 Jan-Feb;56(1):1-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2589563/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6880244?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Martin GJ, Adams SL, Martin HG, et al. Prospective evaluation of syncope. Ann Emerg Med. 1984 Jul;13(7):499-504.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6742551?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Kapoor WN. Evaluation and outcome of patients with syncope. Medicine (Baltimore). 1990 May;69(3):160-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2189056?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Ben-Chetrit E, Flugelman M, Eliakim M. Syncope: a retrospective study of 101 hospitalized patients. Isr J Med Sci. 1985 Dec;21(12):950-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3912352?tool=bestpractice.com
下一步是评估患者的具体风险。[1]Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, et al. 2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jun 1;39(21):1883-948.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/21/1883/4939241http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29562304?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com 例如,存在结构性心脏病或心电图异常,会使患者处于较高的死亡风险。[8]Getchell WS, Larsen GC, Morris CD, et al. Epidemiology of syncope in hospitalized patients. J Gen Intern Med. 1999 Nov;14(11):677-87.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1496762/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10571716?tool=bestpractice.com
病史
大多数情况下可以通过详细的临床病史鉴别伴有真性或表面意识丧失的真性晕厥和假性晕厥,[21]Wieling W, Ganzeboom KS, Krediet CT, et al. Initial diagnostic strategy in the case of transient losses of consciousness: the importance of the medical history [in Dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2003 May 3;147(18):849-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12756875?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Sheldon R, Rose S, Ritchie D, et al. Historical criteria that distinguish syncope from seizures. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Jul 3;40(1):142-8.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073510970201940X?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12103268?tool=bestpractice.com 但有时候也非常困难。
患者到急诊室就诊时,正确鉴别良性神经介导的晕厥和危及生命的晕厥是非常重要的。听取患者或目击者的详细情况说明。诱因、前驱症状、发病体位、晕厥持续时间、恢复时间和家族史都是要考虑的重要因素。病史有助于缩窄鉴别诊断范围,也有助于确定与预后不良相关疾病的风险。[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com
咳嗽、吞咽、排尿和排便等活动导致的境遇性晕厥提示其病因是神经介导性或血管迷走神经性。神经介导的晕厥经常复发,疲劳、高温环境、剧烈疼痛、饥饿、饮酒、紧张或激动、长时间站立等情况可促发。患者通常处站立位,并主诉有感觉虚弱的前驱症状,可能有恶心、发汗、心悸和视力模糊,并且出现明显苍白。恢复意识后,常有疲乏。
剃须或扭头时,颈动脉窦过敏可能引发晕厥,多发于 50 岁或以上的男性。
痫性发作与晕厥的区别是意识丧失时间较长、肠和膀胱控制能力丧失、节律性阵挛性运动和发作后定向障碍。从目击者口中得到的信息可帮助医生区别晕厥和痫性发作。颤搐和抽搐常见于迷走血管性晕厥或心源性晕厥,可以与强直阵挛性发作中所有肢体出现节律性抽搐相区别。痫性发作中常见的肠道和膀胱失控很少见于晕厥。诊断不明确时需要做进一步检查。[11]Wang CZ. Current diagnosis and management of children with vasovagal syncope. World J Pediatr. 2007;3:98-103. 尽管如此,鉴别晕厥和癫痫发作有时具有一定难度。
下列“红旗”征提示可能存在危及生命的晕厥原因:锻炼时晕厥、[23]Asplund CA, O'Connor FG, Noakes TD. Exercise-associated collapse: an evidence-based review and primer for clinicians. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Nov;45(14):1157-62.http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/45/14/1157.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21948122?tool=bestpractice.com 在晕厥前发生胸痛、心悸、腰背痛、呕血和黑粪。意识丧失前的心悸是心源性晕厥的一个重要的预测指标。[6]Alboni P, Brignole M, Menozzi C, et al. Diagnostic value of history in patients with syncope with or without heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Jun 1;37(7):1921-8.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109701012414?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11401133?tool=bestpractice.com
既往史很重要,尤其是注意任何已知的心血管疾病。[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com 有 Brugada 综合征的症状性患者比无症状患者猝死风险更高(在有 Brugada 型心电图改变的无症状患者中,发生率约为 8%)。[24]Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Brugada J, et al. Brugada syndrome: 1992-2002: a historical perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 May 21;41(10):1665-71.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109703003103?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12767644?tool=bestpractice.com 有晕厥发作史的肥厚型心肌病患者也有猝死高风险。[25]McKenna W, Deanfield J, Faruqui A, et al. Prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: role of age and clinical, electrocardiographic and hemodynamic features. Am J Cardiol. 1981 Mar;47(3):532-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7193406?tool=bestpractice.com 对于平均射血分数低 (<20%) 伴发晕厥的晚期充血性心力衰竭患者而言,发生室性心律失常的风险较高,1 年死亡率高达 45%。[26]Middlekauff HR, Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW, et al. Syncope in advanced heart failure: high risk of sudden death regardless of origin of syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Jan;21(1):110-6.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/073510979390724F?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8417050?tool=bestpractice.com 有些肺动脉高压患者主诉有晕厥史,这是一个预后不良的独立预测因子。[27]Le RJ, Fenstad ER, Maradit-Kremers H, et al. Syncope in adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Aug 16;58(8):863-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835323?tool=bestpractice.com 精神性假性晕厥患者经常有频繁反复发作史。明显意识丧失的持续时间通常较长。在年轻女性中更常见,有身体或性虐待史的人群中,患病率较高。[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Iglesias JF, Graf D, Forclaz A, et al. Stepwise evaluation of unexplained syncope in a large ambulatory population. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009 Mar;32 (Suppl 1):S202-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19250095?tool=bestpractice.com
家族史很重要。运动性晕厥、有晕厥或心源性猝死阳性家族史的患者,猝死风险增加,需要进一步评估以排除晕厥的心源性原因,例如长 QT 综合征。
应当获取用药史,因为在老年患者中,包含降压药物和抗抑郁药物的多药疗法经常是直立性低血压和相关晕厥的原因。在老年患者中,药物也是引起缓慢性心律失常最常见的原因。与晕厥发作有关的药物种类包括:利尿剂、血管扩张剂、静脉扩张剂、负性变时药物和镇静剂。[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com
体格检查和心电图
应当在仰卧位和立位、站立后即刻以及站立 3 分钟后检查双上肢血压。[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com 直立性低血压的共识定义为:站立 3 分钟以内,收缩压至少下降 20 mmHg 和/或舒张压至少下降 10 mmHg。[29]Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21431947?tool=bestpractice.com 欧洲心脏病学会 (The European Cardiology Society) 在 2018 年晕厥指南中添加了一项直立性低血压的诊断标准:站立 3 分钟后收缩压下降至 <90 mmHg。[1]Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, et al. 2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jun 1;39(21):1883-948.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/21/1883/4939241http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29562304?tool=bestpractice.com 脉率和心律有助于诊断心律失常和肺栓塞。心脏听诊可有杂音(例如主动脉瓣狭窄、心房黏液瘤和肺动脉高压杂音)。
需要基本的神经系统检查。如果存在感觉、运动、语言和视觉障碍,提示潜在的神经系统问题,需要进一步检查或转诊。疑似颈动脉过敏的患者,颈动脉窦按摩可以再现症状。对于过去 3 个月内出现短暂性脑缺血发作或卒中的患者或者有颈动脉杂音的患者,不应进行颈动脉窦按摩(除非颈动脉多普勒检查能确切排除严重的颈动脉狭窄)。[1]Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, et al. 2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jun 1;39(21):1883-948.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/21/1883/4939241http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29562304?tool=bestpractice.com
晕厥的患者应进行 12 导联心电图检查。[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Dovgalyuk J, Holstege C, Mattu A, et al. The electrocardiogram in the patient with syncope. Am J Emerg Med. 2007 Jul;25(6):688-701.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17606095?tool=bestpractice.com
风险评估
2017 年美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会/心律协会 (ACC/AHA/HRS) 晕厥患者评估和管理指南推荐,评估门诊或急诊室就诊的晕厥患者的短期(晕厥后最长 30 天)和长期(最长随访 12 个月)并发症发病率和死亡风险。[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com
短期危险因素:
男性
无前驱症状
意识丧失之前存在心悸
运动性晕厥
结构性心脏病
心衰
脑血管疾病
心源性猝死的家族史
外伤
出血证据
持续性生命体征异常
肌钙蛋白阳性。
长期危险因素:
男性
老龄
在晕厥事件之前无恶心/呕吐
室性心律失常
肿瘤
结构性心脏病
心衰
脑血管疾病
CHADS-2 评分高
心电图异常
肾小球滤过率较低
ACC/AHA/HRS 指南还考虑了与中等风险相关的因素,在此类情况下可能需要考虑在急诊室进行结构化观察:[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com
年龄≥50 岁
心脏病既往史
心脏装置没有功能障碍的证据
令人担心的心电图结果
早发心源性猝死的家族史
与反射介导的晕厥不一致的症状。
如果晕厥原因不明确且患者被归为中等风险组,使用结构化急诊室观察方案可能有效减少住院。[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com
已经制定几种风险评估方案,以区分高风险的晕厥患者。旧金山晕厥规则是其中一个例子。[31]Quinn JV, Stiell IG, McDermott DA, et al. Derivation of the San Francisco Syncope Rule to predict patients with short-term serious outcomes. Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Feb;43(2):224-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14747812?tool=bestpractice.com 编写该规则的目的是识别在发病 30 天内有严重结局风险并需要住院的患者。[31]Quinn JV, Stiell IG, McDermott DA, et al. Derivation of the San Francisco Syncope Rule to predict patients with short-term serious outcomes. Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Feb;43(2):224-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14747812?tool=bestpractice.com
然而,尽管有多种风险分层方案,但由于不同的研究设计和心电图解读,使它们在不同中心的预后价值不一致。[32]Serrano LA, Hess EP, Bellolio MF, et al. Accuracy and quality of clinical decision rules for syncope in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2010 Oct;56(4):362-73.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2946941/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20868906?tool=bestpractice.com 由专家编写的正式诊断指南显示出良好的前景。[33]Sheldon RS, Morillo CA, Krahn AD, et al. Standardized approaches to the investigation of syncope: Canadian Cardiovascular Society position paper. Can J Cardiol. 2011 Mar-Apr;27(2):246-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21459273?tool=bestpractice.com
辅助检查
进一步检查必须个体化,以使医疗资源得到充分利用并减少患者经济负担。[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com
诊断迷走神经性晕厥主要是基于病史、体格检查和目击者观察(如果有),所以在健康人群中,可能不需要此类进一步检查。然而,老年人的特征可能不典型,使得诊断较不明确。[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com
血液检查可能有用,需要根据患者的具体情况而定。[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com 临床实践中,对于医院中所有因晕厥就诊的患者,经常测量其心肌酶(例如高敏肌钙蛋白),但 2017 年 ACC/AHA/HRS 指南推荐,这项检查应针对提示有急性心肌梗死的患者。[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com 肌酸激酶升高还可能提示癫痫发作。
全血细胞计数 (FBC) 和血糖水平是有用的常规检测。应考虑大便隐血检查,以评估有无隐性胃肠道 (GI) 失血,其可能是造成晕厥的原因。
低钠血症、高钠血症或尿毒症等电解质紊乱能导致癫痫发作,进行该检查可能有助于诊断不能排除癫痫发作的患者。
在因任何原因出现晕厥而到急诊室就诊的一组非特定患者中,血细胞比容<30% 是不良事件的重要预测指标。[31]Quinn JV, Stiell IG, McDermott DA, et al. Derivation of the San Francisco Syncope Rule to predict patients with short-term serious outcomes. Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Feb;43(2):224-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14747812?tool=bestpractice.com
所有有性活跃的育龄妇女需要进行妊娠检查。例如在临床上高度怀疑酒精滥用或非法药物使用,或患者有原因不明的晕厥病史,应进行血液和尿液毒理学筛查。
胸部 X 线检查作为基线检查可能是有帮助的,并且在一些临床情况下,是重要的初始检查(例如心肌梗死、主动脉夹层和消化性溃疡穿孔等)。没有证据表明晕厥患者需接受高级影像学检查(例如,计算机体层成像 [CT] 扫描)、功能性超声心动图检测或电生理学检测进行常规筛查。[34]Huff JS, Decker WW, Quinn JV, et al. Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with syncope. Ann Emerg Med. 2007 Apr;49(4):431-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17371707?tool=bestpractice.com
怀疑心血管原因时的进一步检查
如果根据心电图怀疑心脏原因,需进行经胸超声心动图评估是否存在器质性心脏病。 器质性心脏病患者猝死风险高,需要入院连续监测 24-48 小时,并结合电生理检查、动态心电图和心电记录仪等进行积极评估。目前存在各种心电监护设备。选择哪一种设备是基于晕厥事件的频率和性质决定的。[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com 如果怀疑晕厥的潜在原因与心律失常有关,在经选择的患者中,可以考虑电生理检查。
一些患者需要通过运动试验或心导管术来明确是否存在冠状动脉疾病。如果患者报告与运动相关的晕厥或晕厥前症状,可能也需要进行运动试验。然而,需要特别谨慎,只有在具有高级生命支持措施的合适环境中才能进行这项试验。[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com
对于疑似心房黏液瘤的患者,需进行经食管超声心动图和心脏磁共振成像 (MRI) 以显示肿瘤。而对于主动脉夹层患者,需使用胸部造影增强 CT 来显示异常的主动脉壁。对于疑似腹主动脉瘤破裂患者,进行腹部超声检查(以及血液生化检查);对于疑似锁骨下动脉窃血综合征患者,进行双功能超声检查。
如果怀疑心脏方面的原因但初始评估不确定,也可以使用 CT 或 MRI。如果怀疑致心律失常性右心室心肌病 (arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, ARVC) 或心脏结节病,可以考虑 MRI 检查。[2]Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-122.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000499http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280231?tool=bestpractice.com 如果怀疑致心律失常性右室心肌病 (ARVC),还可以使用右心室血管造影检查。如果怀疑心脏结节病,还可以考虑 18氟-氟代脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射计算机断层显像扫描。
对于疑似肺栓塞的患者,需要进行 D-二聚体检测、换气/灌注扫描、CT 肺血管造影术和肺血管造影术等检查。
如果怀疑为神经性(包括神经介导的)原因,需要进一步检查
倾斜试验可用于看起来健康的年轻患者或者疑似神经介导的(迷走神经性)反复晕厥患者。倾斜试验阳性提示有迷走神经性晕厥的倾向,但不能确诊。
血液动力学测试和自主神经反射测试用于评估家族性自主神经功能障碍。
晕厥导致摔倒继发神经功能障碍或头部外伤的患者,应进行头部 CT 扫描。
需进行 MRI、颈动脉多普勒超声、磁共振血管造影以评估神经功能缺损患者的椎基底动脉粥样硬化程度。
如果不能排除痫性发作,应进行脑电图检查。
只有怀疑潜在脑膜炎或脑炎的情况下,才能进行腰椎穿刺。
如果怀疑为产科、胃肠道或内分泌方面的原因,则需要进一步检查
孕妇应进行阴道超声检查,以排除异位妊娠。尿妊娠试验后还可以通过血清人绒毛膜促性腺激素检测进行证实。
所有(疑似)胃肠道 (GI) 出血的患者应接受全血细胞计数 (FBC) 和血液生化检查。对于上消化道出血,食管胃十二指肠镜检查可显示潜在的食管、胃、十二指肠疾病,而结肠镜检查用于下消化道出血。
对于疑似低血糖的患者,需要进行额外的实验室检查来测量 C 肽和磺脲类药物水平。疑似 Addison 病的患者通过实验室检测(电解质和晨间血清皮质醇)、促肾上腺皮质激素刺激试验和腹部 CT 进行评估。