告知患者此疾病是自限性的,并且症状通常会在 7 到 10 天内消失。症状的严重度和持续时间似乎与患者对所接受治疗的信任程度和看法相关,患者感受到共情治疗与症状和生化标志物改善相关。[29]Barrett B, Brown R, Rakel D, et al. Placebo effects and the common cold: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Fam Med. 2011 Jul-Aug;9(4):312-22.http://www.annfammed.org/content/9/4/312.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21747102?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Rakel D, Barrett B, Zhang Z, et al. Perception of empathy in the therapeutic encounter: effects on the common cold. Patient Educ Couns. 2011 Dec;85(3):390-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107395/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21300514?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Coxeter P, Del Mar CB, McGregor L, et al. Interventions to facilitate shared decision making to address antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in primary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(11):CD010907.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010907.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26560888?tool=bestpractice.com还应告知患者采取卫生措施,避免传播给其他人,以及休息和维持液体摄入以保持水分的重要性。迄今为止,尚未在任何试验中研究增加液体摄入量对急性呼吸道感染的影响。[32]Guppy MP, Mickan SM, Del Mar CB, et al. Advising patients to increase fluid intake for treating acute respiratory infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Feb 16;(2):CD004419.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004419.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21328268?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗以缓解症状为主。许多非处方药都声称可以缓解普通感冒的症状;然而,支持使用这些药物的优质证据较少。[33]van Driel ML, Scheire S, Deckx L, et al. What treatments are effective for common cold in adults and children? BMJ. 2018 Oct 10;363:k3786.https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k3786.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30305295?tool=bestpractice.com
The BMJ: what treatments are effective for common cold in adults and children?
发热和疼痛
建议针对疼痛和/或发热使用对乙酰氨基酚。有证据显示它还可能有助于缓解鼻塞与大量流涕,但对咽痛、不适、打喷嚏或咳嗽无效。[34]Li S, Yue J, Dong BR, et al. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) for the common cold in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 1;(7):CD008800.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008800.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23818046?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管如此,它仍是应用最广泛的解热/镇痛药,是许多临床医医师治疗儿童和成人疼痛和发热的首选药物。[35]Eccles R. Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter analgesics in the treatment of common cold and flu. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2006 Aug;31(4):309-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16882099?tool=bestpractice.com
一项关于非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 的综述发现,NSAID 可减轻不适感,但不能缓解呼吸道症状。需要考虑可能出现的不良反应(例如,胃肠道不良反应、皮疹)。[36]Kim SY, Chang YJ, Cho HM, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 21;(9):CD006362.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006362.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26387658?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in people with the common cold?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1126/full显示答案 研究发现阿司匹林可有效缓解疼痛和发热,短期使用无严重的胃肠道不良反应,[37]McCarthy DM. Efficacy and gastrointestinal risk of aspirin used for the treatment of pain and cold. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Apr;26(2):101-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22542149?tool=bestpractice.com 但有报道指出,此疗法会小幅度增加消化不良的风险。[38]Lanas A, McCarthy D, Voelker M, et al. Short-term acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) use for pain, fever, or colds - gastrointestinal adverse effects: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Drugs R D. 2011 Sep 1;11(3):277-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586117/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21902288?tool=bestpractice.com 18 岁以下的儿童和青少年应避免应用阿司匹林,因有发生瑞氏综合征的风险。
镇痛药有单药或组合配方(与减充血剂和/或抗组胺药联用)可用。
鼻部症状
有许多不同的非处方减充血剂和/或抗组胺药的剂型可用于治疗鼻部症状(即鼻塞、大量流涕、打喷嚏),包括单药配方和组合配方。
对于受到鼻部症状困扰的成人患者,减充血剂和/或抗组胺药是最佳选择;然而,效果微弱。[33]van Driel ML, Scheire S, Deckx L, et al. What treatments are effective for common cold in adults and children? BMJ. 2018 Oct 10;363:k3786.https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k3786.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30305295?tool=bestpractice.com
减充血剂单药治疗
拟交感神经减充血剂有口服(例如伪麻黄碱)或鼻用(例如羟甲唑啉)制剂两种可选。尚无证据支持使用其中一种给药途径优于另一种。[33]van Driel ML, Scheire S, Deckx L, et al. What treatments are effective for common cold in adults and children? BMJ. 2018 Oct 10;363:k3786.https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k3786.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30305295?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 Cochrane 评价发现,多剂使用鼻用减充血剂(每天 3-4 剂,持续 5-10 天)对缓解鼻塞有少量益处,但是尚不清楚这是否对患者有益。[39]Deckx L, De Sutter AI, Guo L, et al. Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 17;(10):CD009612.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009612.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27748955?tool=bestpractice.com
已经证明羟甲唑啉喷鼻剂对降低气道阻力有效果,但在对患者益处方面的证据有限。[40]Eccles R, Martensson K, Chen SC. Effects of intranasal xylometazoline, alone or in combination with ipratropium, in patients with common cold. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010 Apr;26(4):889-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20151787?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Allan GM, Arroll B. Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence. CMAJ. 2014 Feb 18;186(3):190-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24468694?tool=bestpractice.com 由于存在慢性/反弹性鼻塞(药物性鼻炎)的风险,鼻用减充血剂应最多使用 3-7 天。
抗组胺药单药治疗
一项 Cochrane 评价发现,具有镇静作用的抗组胺药物(较早的,第一代)可缓解打喷嚏和大量流涕,但不能缓解鼻塞;通常报道这类药物有镇静效果。评估(较近的,第二代)无镇静作用抗组胺药的研究表明,该药对鼻塞的效果不明,对打喷嚏或大量流涕无效。[42]De Sutter AI, Saraswat A, van Driel ML. Antihistamines for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 29;(11):CD009345.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009345.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26615034?tool=bestpractice.com
减充血剂和抗组胺药的组合配方
抗组胺药和减充血剂通常配制在一起(联合或不联合镇痛药)。这些药物的某种组合可以改善鼻塞、大量流涕和打喷嚏;然而,有关这些组合配方的临床试验数据质量较低。不良反应包括头痛、镇静和失眠。[43]De Sutter AI, van Driel ML, Kumar AA, et al. Oral antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD004976.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004976.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22336807?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of combination tablets containing an antihistamine, a decongestant, and an analgesic in people with the common cold?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.69/full显示答案
异丙托溴铵
研究表明,抗毒蕈碱类药物异丙托溴铵可有效治疗鼻部症状。一项系统评价发现有低质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,异丙托溴铵喷鼻剂对大量流涕有效,但对鼻塞无效。与安慰剂或不治疗相比,不良反应(例如,口干、鼻出血和鼻腔干燥)更为常见。[44]AlBalawi ZH, Othman SS, AlFaleh K. Intranasal ipratropium bromide for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 19;(6):CD008231.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008231.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23784858?tool=bestpractice.com
对于儿童,这些治疗的证据更为有限。尚无证据表明减充血剂可缓解儿童的鼻部症状,但已知它们会引起不良反应(例如,嗜睡和胃肠道不适,以及惊厥、心率过快和死亡等更严重的危害)。因此,不建议对 6 岁以下的儿童使用减充血剂,并且建议在 6-12 岁儿童中应谨慎使用。[33]van Driel ML, Scheire S, Deckx L, et al. What treatments are effective for common cold in adults and children? BMJ. 2018 Oct 10;363:k3786.https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k3786.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30305295?tool=bestpractice.com 美国食品药品监督管理局不建议 4 岁以下的儿童使用含有减充血剂和/或抗组胺药的感冒药物,因为可能会造成严重的致命性不良反应。[45]US Food and Drug Administration. Use caution when giving cough and cold products to kids. February 2018 [internet publication].https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/SpecialFeatures/ucm263948.htm 在其他国家,相关建议存在差异。例如,在英国和加拿大,不建议 6 岁以下的儿童使用任何非处方感冒药。
有低质量的证据表明,盐水滴剂或喷雾剂对幼儿可能是有效和安全的。它们能改善较年长儿童的鼻塞,并且可能减轻大量流涕的严重程度。[46]King D, Mitchell B, Williams CP, et al. Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 20;(4):CD006821.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006821.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25892369?tool=bestpractice.com
FDA: use caution when giving cough and cold products to kids
尽管有这些警告,但来自小儿咳嗽和感冒安全监测系统的数据表明,在 12 岁以下的儿童中,与非处方咳嗽和感冒药相关的不良反应总体发生率相对较低(每售出 175 万剂,出现 1 次不良反应),67% 的不良反应与无人监护时意外摄入有关。死亡病例极为罕见(0.6% 的患者),且与治疗剂量无关。[47]Green JL, Wang GS, Reynolds KM, et al. Safety profile of cough and cold medication use in pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2017 Jun;139(6).http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/6/e20163070.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28562262?tool=bestpractice.com
咳嗽
有许多不同的镇咳药或祛痰药可用,包括单药和/或组合配方(通常联合减充血剂、抗组胺药物)。目前没有证据支持或反对使用非处方止咳药、祛痰药、黏液溶解剂来降低成人或儿童(特别是幼儿)咳嗽的发生率。[48]Isbister GK, Prior F, Kilham HA. Restricting cough and cold medicines in children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2012 Feb;48(2):91-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598066?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 24;(11):CD001831.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25420096?tool=bestpractice.com然而,美国胸医师学会 (American College of Chest Physicians) 建议不要使用非处方咳嗽和感冒药治疗咳嗽。[50]Malesker MA, Callahan-Lyon P, Ireland B, et al. Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment for acute cough associated with the common cold: CHEST expert panel report. Chest. 2017 Nov;152(5):1021-37.http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(17)31408-3/fulltext#sec3.6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28837801?tool=bestpractice.com
含阿片类药物(例如可待因和氢可酮)的止咳和感冒药不应用于 18 岁及以下儿童,因为用于治疗这些患者的咳嗽时弊(呼吸缓慢或呼吸困难、误用、滥用、成瘾、过量和死亡)大于利。[51]Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA requires labeling changes for prescription opioid cough and cold medicines to limit their use to adults 18 years and older. January 2018 [internet publication].https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm590435.htm
已有研究证实,与无治疗、安慰剂和苯海拉明相比,蜂蜜能更好的缓解 1-18 岁儿童及青少年的咳嗽,但其缓解效果不如右美沙芬。[52]Oduwole O, Udoh EE, Oyo-Ita A, et al. Honey for acute cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 10;(4):CD007094.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007094.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29633783?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Malesker MA, Callahan-Lyon P, Ireland B, et al. Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment for acute cough associated with the common cold: CHEST expert panel report. Chest. 2017 Nov;152(5):1021-37.http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(17)31408-3/fulltext#sec3.6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28837801?tool=bestpractice.com
一项综述发现,尚无足够的证据支持常规应用吸入糖皮质激素治疗成人急性呼吸道感染所致的急性和亚急性咳嗽。但也有一些研究显示其有一定疗效,建议进一步行高质量、效能充足的临床试验进行研究。[53]El-Gohary M, Hay AD, Coventry P, et al. Corticosteroids for acute and subacute cough following respiratory tract infection: a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2013 Oct;30(5):492-500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23836094?tool=bestpractice.com
抗生素治疗
抗生素无法缓解普通感冒的症状,而且已知可引起不良反应。[54]Kenealy T, Arroll B. Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 4;(6):CD000247.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000247.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23733381?tool=bestpractice.com 美国疾病预防控制中心和美国内科医师学会不建议采用抗生素治疗。[8]Harris AM, Hicks LA, Qaseem A. Appropriate antibiotic use for acute respiratory tract infection in adults: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Mar 15;164(6):425-34.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2481815http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26785402?tool=bestpractice.com 其他国家/地区的监管机构也支持这项建议。[55]Public Health England. Managing common infections: guidance for primary care. December 2017 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/managing-common-infections-guidance-for-primary-care[56]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Respiratory tract infections (self-limiting): prescribing antibiotics. July 2008 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg69
许多患者在就诊时要求医生开具抗生素,但有越来越多的证据显示这会促进耐药菌株的出现,造成不必要的伤害。有限的证据表明,提示细菌感染的脓性鼻涕对抗生素治疗无反应。[54]Kenealy T, Arroll B. Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 4;(6):CD000247.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000247.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23733381?tool=bestpractice.com 研究已经发现,在向患者说明疾病的自然过程并给予对症治疗的同时,与开具立即使用抗生素处方相比,开具延迟抗生素处方降低了抗生素使用率 (93% vs 31%),但具有相似的患者满意度。[57]Spurling GK, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, et al. Delayed antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Sep 7;(9):CD004417.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004417.pub5/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28881007?tool=bestpractice.com向上呼吸道感染患儿的父母提供关于使用抗生素的书面信息,也可以减少抗生素使用数量,而不影响父母的满意度。[58]O'Sullivan JW, Harvey RT, Glasziou PP, et al. Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) to reduce the use of antibiotics for acute upper respiratory tract infections in primary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov 25;(11):CD011360.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011360.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27886368?tool=bestpractice.com 在初级医疗保健机构内,对于急性呼吸道感染患者,其他可能对减少抗生素处方量有影响的干预措施包括 C 反应蛋白检测、降钙素原指导的感染治疗以及医师和患者共同决策;然而,关于这些干预措施只有中等质量的证据。[59]Tonkin-Crine SK, Tan PS, van Hecke O, et al. Clinician-targeted interventions to influence antibiotic prescribing behaviour for acute respiratory infections in primary care: an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Sep 7;(9):CD012252.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012252.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28881002?tool=bestpractice.com
其他治疗
关于其他治疗方法尚无充分证据支持。其他干预措施,例如口服和经鼻吸入锌剂、[60]Nahas R, Balla A. Complementary and alternative medicine for prevention and treatment of the common cold. Can Fam Physician. 2011 Jan;57(1):31-6.http://www.cfp.ca/content/57/1/31.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21322286?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Caruso TJ, Prober CG, Gwaltney JM Jr. Treatment of naturally acquired common colds with zinc: a structured review. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Sep 1;45(5):569-74.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/5/569.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17682990?tool=bestpractice.com 紫锥菊配方、[21]Karsch-Völk M, Barrett B, Kiefer D, et al. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 20;(2):CD000530.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24554461?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Nahas R, Balla A. Complementary and alternative medicine for prevention and treatment of the common cold. Can Fam Physician. 2011 Jan;57(1):31-6.http://www.cfp.ca/content/57/1/31.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21322286?tool=bestpractice.com 和湿润空气[62]Singh M, Singh M, Jaiswal N, et al. Heated, humidified air for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 29;(8):CD001728.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001728.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28849871?tool=bestpractice.com 都曾进行过安慰剂对照试验。总体来说,只有极少数证据表明有效。
对于健康人,在普通感冒症状出现 24 小时内给予锌剂可以缩短症状持续时间,但由于数据存在异质性,用药需谨慎。关于锌的最佳剂量,需进一步研究。对锌含片已经进行了广泛研究,结果显示 75 mg/日或以上的剂量可明显缩短普通感冒症状的持续时间。为了获得使用锌补充剂的最佳效果,在感冒期间最好全程使用此剂量的含片。然而由于数据尚不充足,尚不强力推荐进行预防性补锌。总之,必须权衡可能的益处与副作用。不应使用鼻内用锌剂,因为它具有明显的不良反应,已有报道指出,它有时可导致嗅觉丧失,并可能是永久性的。[63]D'Cruze H, Arroll B, Kenealy T, et al. Is intranasal zinc effective and safe for the common cold? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prim Health Care. 2009 Jun;1(2):134-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20690364?tool=bestpractice.com
补充维生素 C 对感冒的发病没有预防作用,但可缩短病程。作者推荐进行更多的治疗试验进行研究。[20]Hemilä H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD000980.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440782?tool=bestpractice.com
商品化的吸入用制剂很流行,但支持其疗效的临床试验证据有限。评估色甘酸钠鼻内和吸入联合用药的研究显示,尚无法确定该药的有效性。[64]Aberg N, Aberg B, Alestig K. The effect of inhaled and intranasal sodium cromoglycate on symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections. Clin Exp Allergy. 1996 Sep;26(9):1045-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8889259?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Butler CC, Robling MR, Prout H, et al. The management of suspected acute viral upper respiratory tract infection in children: a community-based randomised controlled trial of treatment with intranasal sodium cromoglycate. Lancet. 2002 Jun 22;359(9324):2153-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12090980?tool=bestpractice.com 有一些证据显示感冒搽剂(蒸汽按摩膏)在症状缓解方面有一定效果。[66]Paul IM, Beiler JS, King TS. Vapor rub, petrolatum, and no treatment for children with nocturnal cough and cold symptoms. Pediatrics. 2010 Dec;126(6):1092-9.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/126/6/1092.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21059712?tool=bestpractice.com根据目前的证据,鼻用皮质类固醇在治疗普通感冒方面没有作用。[67]Hayward G, Thompson MJ, Perera R, et al. Corticosteroids for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 13;(10):CD008116.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008116.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26461493?tool=bestpractice.com
从单个试验或质量较差的多个试验还发现一些对感冒有治疗有效的方法,包括绿茶、[68]Rowe CA, Nantz MP, Bukowski JF, et al. Specific formulation of Camellia sinensis prevents cold and flu symptoms and enhances gamma,delta T cell function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007 Oct;26(5):445-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17914132?tool=bestpractice.com 大蒜,[69]Pittler MH, Ernst E. Clinical effectiveness of garlic (Allium sativum). Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Nov;51(11):1382-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17918163?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Lissiman E, Bhasale AL, Cohen M. Garlic for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 11;(11):CD006206.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25386977?tool=bestpractice.com 各种中草药[71]Zhang X, Wu T, Zhang J, et al. Chinese medicinal herbs for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan 24;(1):CD004782.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004782.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253524?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Byun JS, Yang SY, Jeong IC, et al. Effects of So-cheong-ryong-tang and Yeon-gyo-pae-dok-san on the common cold: randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jan 27;133(2):642-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040773?tool=bestpractice.com 和狭花天竺葵(也被称为 Umckaloabo)。[73]Timmer A, Günther J, Motschall E, et al. Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Oct 22;(10):CD006323.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006323.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24146345?tool=bestpractice.com 有限的证据表明,沙棘果配方对感冒没有效果。[74]Larmo P, Alin J, Salminen E, et al. Effects of sea buckthorn berries on infections and inflammation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Sep;62(9):1123-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17593932?tool=bestpractice.com