通过物理防护措施可减少病毒传染给其他人,[16]Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, et al. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jul 6;(7):CD006207.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21735402?tool=bestpractice.com 包括洗手、[17]Hübner NO, Hübner C, Wodny M, et al. Effectiveness of alcohol-based hand disinfectants in a public administration: impact on health and work performance related to acute respiratory symptoms and diarrhoea. BMC Infect Dis. 2010 Aug 24;10:250.http://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2334-10-250http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20735818?tool=bestpractice.com 打喷嚏或咳嗽时遮住口鼻、及时处理带鼻分泌物的纸巾、远离工作或学校场所。没有证据支持在患该病时应使用口罩。[18]MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA. Facemasks for the prevention of infection in healthcare and community settings. BMJ. 2015 Apr 9;350:h694.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25858901?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Smith JD, MacDougall CC, Johnstone J, et al. Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks in protecting health care workers from acute respiratory infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2016 May 17;188(8):567-74.http://www.cmaj.ca/content/188/8/567.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26952529?tool=bestpractice.com
补充维生素 C 对感冒的发病没有预防作用,但可缩短病程。作者建议进一步行治疗试验进行研究。[20]Hemilä H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD000980.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440782?tool=bestpractice.com 紫锥菊配方的预防性作用尚无结论。[21]Karsch-Völk M, Barrett B, Kiefer D, et al. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 20;(2):CD000530.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24554461?tool=bestpractice.com 由于缺乏足够数据,关于预防性补锌无明确的推荐。口服补锌剂对锌缺乏症患病率较高地区(例如发展中国家)的儿童可能有益。[22]Vakili R, Vahedian M, Khodaei GH, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation in occurrence and duration of common cold in school aged children during cold season: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Iranian J Pediatr. 2009;19(4):376-80.http://ijp.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijp/article/view/877 研究已经发现,补充维生素 D3 并不能预防儿童或成人的上呼吸道感染,即使补充高剂量维生素 D3 也不能。[23]Martineau AR, Hanifa Y, Witt KD, et al. Double-blind randomised controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory infection in older adults and their carers (ViDiFlu). Thorax. 2015 Oct;70(10):953-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26063508?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Aglipay M, Birken CS, Parkin PC, et al. Effect of high-dose vs standard-dose wintertime vitamin D supplementation on viral upper respiratory tract infections in young healthy children. JAMA. 2017 Jul 18;318(3):245-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28719693?tool=bestpractice.com