在美国进行的一项为期 5 年的回顾性研究发现,在以非外伤性胸痛为主诉从急诊收住院的 35 岁以上患者中,最常见的胸痛病因来自冠状动脉。[7]Kohn MA, Kwan E, Gupta M, et al. Prevalence of acute myocardial infarction and other serious diagnoses in patients presenting to an urban emergency department with chest pain. J Emerg Med. 2005 Nov;29(4):383-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16243193?tool=bestpractice.com 肺栓塞和主动脉夹层是罕见但重要的病因。[7]Kohn MA, Kwan E, Gupta M, et al. Prevalence of acute myocardial infarction and other serious diagnoses in patients presenting to an urban emergency department with chest pain. J Emerg Med. 2005 Nov;29(4):383-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16243193?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 从美国一家医院急诊科收住院、主诉为非外伤性胸痛的 35 岁以上人群的最终诊断分布情况,时间跨度为 5 年(PE、肺栓塞)由 BMJ 创建;数据来自 Kohn MA、Kwan E、Gupta M, et al. Prevalence of acute myocardial infarction and other serious diagnoses in patients presenting to an urban emergency department with chest pain. J Emerg Med. 2005;29:383-390. [Citation ends].
有报道指出,在诊断为急性冠脉综合征的患者中,高达 3.5% 在急诊科漏诊。[8]Pope JH, Aufderheide TP, Ruthazer R, et al. Missed diagnoses of acute cardiac ischemia in the emergency department. N Engl J Med. 2000 Apr 20;342(16):1163-70.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200004203421603#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10770981?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Collinson PO, Premachandram S, Hashemi K. Prospective audit of incidence of prognostically important myocardial damage in patients discharged from emergency department. BMJ. 2000 Jun 24;320(7251):1702-5.http://www.bmj.com/content/320/7251/1702.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10864545?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Aldous SJ, Richards M, Cullen L, et al. A 2-hour thrombolysis in myocardial infarction score outperforms other risk stratification tools in patients presenting with possible acute coronary syndromes: comparison of chest pain risk stratification tools. Am Heart J. 2012 Oct;164(4):516-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23067909?tool=bestpractice.com
初级医疗中的病因分布有所不同。胸痛的常见病因包括:[2]McConaghy JR, Oza RS. Outpatient diagnosis of acute chest pain in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2013 Feb 1;87(3):177-82.https://www.aafp.org/afp/2013/0201/p177.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23418761?tool=bestpractice.com
一项观察性研究发现,在初级医疗保健机构中,大多数因胸痛就诊的患者其最终诊断并无生命危险;不过,8.4% 的患者其最终诊断危及生命。[6]Hoorweg BB, Willemsen RT, Cleef LE, et al. Frequency of chest pain in primary care, diagnostic tests performed and final diagnoses. Heart. 2017 Nov;103(21):1727-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28634285?tool=bestpractice.com
另一项在全科医疗环境中开展的研究发现,大多数患者在就诊时 (72.4%) 或第一次胸痛(既往没有心血管疾病记录)发作后 6 个月内没有得到诊断。[11]Jordan KP, Timmis A, Croft P, et al. Prognosis of undiagnosed chest pain: linked electronic health record cohort study. BMJ. 2017 Apr 3;357:j1194.http://www.bmj.com/content/357/bmj.j1194.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28373173?tool=bestpractice.com 与被诊断为非冠状动脉性疼痛的患者相比,那些在 6 个月时没有得到胸痛病因诊断的患者,其心血管事件的长期发生率更高。