参见 鉴别诊断 以获取更多具体信息
由于潜在疾病可能危及生命,应对急性胸痛进行快速临床评估。持续监测脉搏、血压和血氧饱和度是标准诊疗程序。
如果急性胸痛患者出现气促或氧饱和度<94%,在等待检查期间,初始应给予辅助供氧。[12]O'Connor RE, Brady W, Brooks SC, et al. Part 10: acute coronary syndromes: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2010 Nov 2;122(18 suppl 3):S787-817.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.971028?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20956226?tool=bestpractice.com[13]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al; British Thoracic Society Emergency Oxygen Guideline Group; BTS Emergency Oxygen Guideline Development Group. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90.https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/clinical-information/oxygen/2017-emergency-oxygen-guideline/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com对于所有患者,均需要使用脉搏血氧仪来测量氧饱和度。一项系统评价和 meta 分析发现,对于急性病患者,与采用保守给氧方式相比,采用大量用氧与死亡率增加相关。[14]Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 26;391(10131):1693-705.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k4169http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30355567?tool=bestpractice.com 关于辅助供氧和目标范围的推荐可能存在差异,具体与各项指南和/或疾病种类有关。
对于氧饱和度正常的急性冠脉综合征 (ACS) 患者,辅助供氧尚未被证实有益,并且可能有害。[16]O'Connor RE, Al Ali S, Brady WJ, et al. Part 9: acute coronary syndromes: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2015 Nov 3;132(18 Suppl 2):S483-500.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000263http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472997?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Sepehrvand N, James SK, Stub D, et al. Effects of supplemental oxygen therapy in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Heart. 2018 Oct;104(20):1691-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29599378?tool=bestpractice.com指南建议,对于疑似或确诊急性冠脉综合征的患者,如果氧饱和度正常,不应常规给氧。[16]O'Connor RE, Al Ali S, Brady WJ, et al. Part 9: acute coronary syndromes: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2015 Nov 3;132(18 Suppl 2):S483-500.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000263http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26472997?tool=bestpractice.com[18]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chest pain of recent onset: assessment and diagnosis. November 2016 [internet publication].https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg95
对于拟诊为 ACS 的患者,如果氧饱和度 ≥90%,欧洲指南不建议常规给氧。[19]Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: the task force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 7;39(2):119-77.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/2/119/4095042http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28886621?tool=bestpractice.com 英国胸科协会 (British Thoracic Society) 指南推荐,对多数急性疾病患者,目标氧饱和度为 94%-98%,对于有发生高碳酸性呼吸衰竭风险的患者,目标氧饱和度为 88%-92%(或者个体化的目标范围)。[13]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al; British Thoracic Society Emergency Oxygen Guideline Group; BTS Emergency Oxygen Guideline Development Group. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90.https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/clinical-information/oxygen/2017-emergency-oxygen-guideline/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
必要时可(静脉)给予吗啡来缓解剧烈疼痛。
检查包括十二导联心电图、胸部 X 线检查、心脏生物标志物、全血细胞计数和肾功能检测。患者可能需要转移到重症监护病房。一旦患者病情稳定,应申请诸如肺通气/灌注扫描、超声心动图、计算机体层成像或血管造影等检查,以证实临床怀疑。
急性冠脉综合征
急性冠脉综合征 (ACS) 是指由动脉粥样硬化性冠状动脉病变导致的急性心肌缺血,包括 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死 (STEMI)、非 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死 (NSTEMI) 和不稳定型心绞痛 (UA)。这些术语被用作指导管理的框架。
STEMI 患者因随时可能发生危及生命的心律失常、心原性休克或肺水肿,因此需要紧急筛查。STEMI 典型表现为剧烈、胸部正中压迫性胸痛,放散至颌部或上肢。可能会伴随着恶心和呕吐。应考虑通过成形术(如果 2 小时内可行的话)或溶栓(如果无禁忌证且不具备成形术条件)进行抗凝和紧急再灌注治疗。[20]O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Jul 1;82(1):E1-27.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/127/4/e362.long[21]Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Dec 23;130(25):e344-426.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25249585?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 7;39(2):119-77.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/2/119/4095042
主动脉夹层
主动脉夹层的典型临床表现为突发严重疼痛,被描述为放射至后背中部的撕裂感。胸部 X 线检查可能显示纵隔增宽。使用静脉对比剂的胸部 CT 扫描或经食管超声心动图可证实诊断。为控制心率和血压,患者应立即接受静脉使用 β 受体阻滞剂治疗。此外,可能需要使用可调整的药物,例如硝普钠或钙通道阻滞剂。确定性治疗取决于主动脉夹层的类型,包括紧急置换手术或持续内科药物治疗。累及升主动脉的夹层(Stanford A 型)一般是通过手术治疗,并需要进行紧急外科会诊。只累及降主动脉的非复杂性夹层(Stanford B 型)通常采用内科药物治疗。对于复杂性 Stanford B 型夹层,可以采用血管内治疗。[23]Nienaber CA, Clough RE. Management of acute aortic dissection. Lancet. 2015 Feb 6;385(9970):800-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25662791?tool=bestpractice.com
肺栓塞
肺栓塞 (pulmonary embolism, PE) 通常表现为肋膜炎性胸痛、呼吸困难和心动过速。严重病例可能以晕厥或濒临心肺骤停为首发体征。[26]Kline JA, Kabrhel C. Emergency evaluation for pulmonary embolism, part 1: clinical factors that increase risk. J Emerg Med. 2015 Jun;48(6):771-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25863772?tool=bestpractice.com CT 肺动脉造影和肺通气/灌注扫描是最重要的诊断方法。对于肺栓塞患者,应开始使用肝素或低分子量肝素进行全身抗凝治疗。在低风险患者中,肺栓塞排除标准 (Pulmonary Embolism Rule-out Criteria, PERC) 规则有助于排除肺栓塞。[27]Penaloza A, Soulié C, Moumneh T, et al. Pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) rule in European patients with low implicit clinical probability (PERCEPIC): a multicentre, prospective, observational study. Lancet Haematol. 2017 Dec;4(12):e615-21.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29150390?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Freund Y, Cachanado M, Aubry A, et al; PROPER Investigator Group. Effect of the Pulmonary Embolism Rule-Out Criteria on subsequent thromboembolic events among low-risk emergency department patients: The PROPER randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 Feb 13;319(6):559-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29450523?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Raja AS, Greenberg JO, Qaseem A, et al. Evaluation of patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism: best practice advice from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Nov 3;163(9):701-11.http://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2443959/evaluation-patients-suspected-acute-pulmonary-embolism-best-practice-advice-fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26414967?tool=bestpractice.com在中等风险患者或 PERC 规则阳性的患者中,D-二聚体可能有助于排除肺栓塞。[26]Kline JA, Kabrhel C. Emergency evaluation for pulmonary embolism, part 1: clinical factors that increase risk. J Emerg Med. 2015 Jun;48(6):771-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25863772?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Kline JA, Kabrhel C. Emergency evaluation for pulmonary embolism, part 2: diagnostic approach. J Emerg Med. 2015 Jul;49(1):104-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25800524?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Konstantinides SV, Torbicki A, Agnelli G, et al. 2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2014 Nov 14;35(43):3033-69.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/35/43/3033/503581/2014-ESC-Guidelines-on-the-diagnosis-andhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25173341?tool=bestpractice.com 对于高度疑似肺栓塞的患者,经胸超声心动图显示为右心室运动减低和室间隔反常运动可能提示肺栓塞引起急性右心衰竭。[31]Konstantinides SV, Torbicki A, Agnelli G, et al. 2014 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2014 Nov 14;35(43):3033-69.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/35/43/3033/503581/2014-ESC-Guidelines-on-the-diagnosis-andhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25173341?tool=bestpractice.com 对于休克患者,应采取全身用药溶栓、经导管局部溶栓或外科栓子切除术。
心脏压塞
心脏填塞可因外伤、主动脉夹层或心包腔内液体逐渐蓄积而突然发生。治疗关键在于早期识别和心包腔适当引流。患者可表现为心音低沉、颈静脉扩张和奇脉。经胸超声心动图检查可明确诊断。因心脏压塞而休克的患者需要紧急心包穿刺。[32]Honasoge AP, Dubbs SB. Rapid fire: pericardial effusion and tamponade. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2018 Aug;36(3):557-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30037442?tool=bestpractice.com