上尿路(非肾小球源性)
上尿路非肾小球源性 NVH 包括感染(肾盂肾炎)、结石(肾结石)以及 3 个更广泛的类型——占位病变、血管供应异常和尿液流出异常。占位性病变包括从良性单纯性肾囊肿到恶性肿瘤(肾细胞癌和肾盏或输尿管尿路上皮癌)。血液供应异常有:肾动脉梗死、肾静脉血栓形成、动静脉畸形,肾乳头坏死(或镰状细胞病)等。肾积水、膀胱输尿管反流、肾盏憩室和肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻等与尿液流出异常相关。其他肾疾病,如多囊肾病、肾萎缩和髓质海绵肾也可能有 NVH 的表现。
上尿路(肾小球源性)
发生 NVH 且涉及肾小球的肾脏疾病(急性肾小球肾炎、狼疮性肾炎、薄肾小球基底膜病与 IgA 肾病)可通过红细胞形态及出现蛋白尿而早期发现。[3]Tomson C, Porter T. Asymptomatic microscopic or dipstick haematuria in adults: which investigations for which patients? A review of the evidence. BJU Int. 2002;90:185-198.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12133052?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Cohen RA, Brown RS. Microscopic hematuria. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2330-2338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12788998?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Fracchia JA, Motta J, Miller L, et al. Evaluation of asymptomatic microhematuria. Urology. 1995;46:484-489.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7571215?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Ohisa N, Kanemitsu K, Matsuki R, et al. Evaluation of hematuria using the urinary albumin-to-total-protein ratio to differentiate glomerular and nonglomerular bleeding. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2007;11:61-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17385000?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Shen P, Ding X, Ten J, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics and outcome of adult patients with hematuria and/or proteinuria found during routine examination. Nephron Clin Pract. 2006;103:c149-c156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16636583?tool=bestpractice.com 早期发现这些情况就能够进行重点检查并请肾内科会诊。
下尿路
下尿路包括膀胱、尿道、前列腺和阴茎。与上尿路病变一样,下尿路感染(膀胱炎、尿道炎、前列腺炎)、结石、肿瘤(如膀胱乳头状瘤)和憩室也可引起 NVH。最常引起 NVH 的恶性病变发生在下尿路,特别是膀胱移形细胞癌。[6]Edwards TJ, Dickinson AJ, Natale S, et al. A prospective analysis of the diagnostic yield resulting from 4020 patients at a protocol-driven haematuria clinic. BJU Int. 2006;97:301-305.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16430634?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Messing EM, Madeb R, Young T, et al. Long-term outcome of hematuria home screening for bladder cancer in men. Cancer. 2006;107:2173-2179.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.22224/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17029275?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Friedman GD, Carroll PR, Cattolica EV, et al. Can hematuria be a predictor as well as a symptom or sign of bladder cancer? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5:993-996.http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/5/12/993http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8959322?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Sugimura K, Ikemoto S, Kawashima H, et al. Microscopic hematuria as a screening marker for urinary tract malignancies. Int J Urol. 2001;8:1-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11168689?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Jones R, Latinovic R, Charlton J, et al. Alarm symptoms in early diagnosis of cancer in primary care: cohort study using general practice research database. BMJ. 2007;334:1040.http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/334/7602/1040http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17493982?tool=bestpractice.com 非感染性膀胱炎(辐射诱导、间质性和嗜酸性膀胱炎)和男性特有的疾病(良性前列腺增生、前列腺癌、包茎、阴茎癌)也需要考虑作为 NVH 的可能病因。其他下尿路的病因包括膀胱颈挛缩和尿道狭窄。
非尿路来源
一些病因与其他类型不符合。一些容易识别的病因可划分为该组,应在病史中早期询问。例如:月经和创伤(性活动、挫伤、锻炼)。其他杂项包括HIV、淋巴瘤、多发性骨髓瘤和尿路结核。[25]Cespedes RD, Peretsman SJ, Blatt SP. The significance of hematuria in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Urol. 1995;154:1455-1456.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7658557?tool=bestpractice.com