镜下血尿的评估

Grossfeld GD, Litwin MS, Wolf JS, et al. Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: the American Urological Association best practice policy - part I: definition, detection, prevalence and etiology. Urology. 2001;57:599-603.

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Chou R, Dana T. Screening adults for bladder cancer: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2010;5:153:461-468.

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Nielsen M, Qaseem A; High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians. Hematuria as a marker of occult urinary tract cancer: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:488-497.

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Feldstein MS, Hentz JG, Gillett MD, et al. Should the upper tracts be imaged for microscopic haematuria? BJU Int. 2005;96:612-617.

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Grossfeld GD, Litwin MS, Wolf JS, et al. Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: the American Urological Association best practice policy - part II: patient evaluation, cytology, voided markers, imaging, cystoscopy, nephrology evaluation, and follow-up. Urology. 2001;57:604-610.

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Rodgers M, Nixon J, Hempel S, et al. Diagnostic tests and algorithms used in the investigation of haematuria: systematic reviews and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2006;10:1-259.

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1.  Grossfeld GD, Litwin MS, Wolf JS, et al. Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: the American Urological Association best practice policy - part I: definition, detection, prevalence and etiology. Urology. 2001;57:599-603.

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2.  Wollin T, Laroche B, Psooy K. Canadian guidelines for the management of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults. Can Urol Assoc J. 2009:3;77-80.

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3.  Tomson C, Porter T. Asymptomatic microscopic or dipstick haematuria in adults: which investigations for which patients? A review of the evidence. BJU Int. 2002;90:185-198.

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4.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected cancer: recognition and referral. July 2017 [internet publication].

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5.  Hiatt RA, Ordonez JD. Dipstick urinalysis screening, asymptomatic microhematuria, and subsequent urological cancers in a population-based sample. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994;3:439-443. [Published correction appears in Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994;3:523.]

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6.  Edwards TJ, Dickinson AJ, Natale S, et al. A prospective analysis of the diagnostic yield resulting from 4020 patients at a protocol-driven haematuria clinic. BJU Int. 2006;97:301-305.

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7.  Cohen RA, Brown RS. Microscopic hematuria. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2330-2338.

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8.  Chou R, Dana T. Screening adults for bladder cancer: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2010;5:153:461-468.

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9.  Messing EM, Madeb R, Young T, et al. Long-term outcome of hematuria home screening for bladder cancer in men. Cancer. 2006;107:2173-2179.

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10.  Alishahi S, Byrne D, Goodman CM, et al. Haematuria investigation based on a standard protocol: emphasis on the diagnosis of urological malignancy. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 2002;47:422-427.

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11.  Froom P, Ribak J, Benbassat J. Significance of microhaematuria in young adults. BMJ. 1984;288:20-22.

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12.  Topham PS, Jethwa A, Watkins M, et al. The value of urine screening in a young adult population. Fam Pract. 2004;21:18-21.

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13.  Mishra VC, Rowe E, Rao AR, et al. Role of i.v. urography in patients with haematuria. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2004;38:236-239.

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14.  Ecke TH. Focus on urinary bladder cancer markers: a review. Minerva Urol Nefrol. 2008;60:237-246.

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15.  van Rhijn BW, van der Poel HG, van der Kwast TH. Cytology and urinary markers for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Eur Urol Suppl. 2009;8:535-566.

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17.  Sugimura K, Ikemoto S, Kawashima H, et al. Microscopic hematuria as a screening marker for urinary tract malignancies. Int J Urol. 2001;8:1-5.

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18.  Jones R, Latinovic R, Charlton J, et al. Alarm symptoms in early diagnosis of cancer in primary care: cohort study using general practice research database. BMJ. 2007;334:1040.

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19.  Nielsen M, Qaseem A; High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians. Hematuria as a marker of occult urinary tract cancer: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:488-497.

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• 摘要

20.  Feldstein MS, Hentz JG, Gillett MD, et al. Should the upper tracts be imaged for microscopic haematuria? BJU Int. 2005;96:612-617.

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21.  Yamagata K, Takahashi H, Tomida C, et al. Prognosis of asymptomatic hematuria and/or proteinuria in men. High prevalence of IgA nephropathy among proteinuria patients found in mass screening. Nephron. 2002;91:34-42.

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22.  Fracchia JA, Motta J, Miller L, et al. Evaluation of asymptomatic microhematuria. Urology. 1995;46:484-489.

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23.  Ohisa N, Kanemitsu K, Matsuki R, et al. Evaluation of hematuria using the urinary albumin-to-total-protein ratio to differentiate glomerular and nonglomerular bleeding. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2007;11:61-65.

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24.  Shen P, Ding X, Ten J, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics and outcome of adult patients with hematuria and/or proteinuria found during routine examination. Nephron Clin Pract. 2006;103:c149-c156.

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25.  Cespedes RD, Peretsman SJ, Blatt SP. The significance of hematuria in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Urol. 1995;154:1455-1456.

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26.  Jones GR, Newhouse IJ, Jakobi JM, et al. The incidence of hematuria in middle distance track running. Can J Appl Physiol. 2001;26:336-349.

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27.  Grossfeld GD, Litwin MS, Wolf JS, et al. Evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults: the American Urological Association best practice policy - part II: patient evaluation, cytology, voided markers, imaging, cystoscopy, nephrology evaluation, and follow-up. Urology. 2001;57:604-610.

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28.  Gun RT, Seymour AE, Mathew TH. A cluster of haematuria cases in a pesticide-manufacturing plant. Occup Med. 1998;48:59-62.

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29.  Paner GP, Zehnder P, Amin AM, et al. Urothelial neoplasms of the urinary bladder occurring in young adult and pediatric patients: a comprehensive review of literature with implications for patient management. Adv Anat Pathol. 2011;18:79-89.

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30.  Rodgers M, Nixon J, Hempel S, et al. Diagnostic tests and algorithms used in the investigation of haematuria: systematic reviews and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2006;10:1-259.

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31.  Hall CL, Bradley R, Kerr A, et al. Clinical value of renal biopsy in patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria with and without low-grade proteinuria. Clin Nephrol. 2004;62:267-272.

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32.  McGregor DO, Lynn KL, Bailey RR, et al. Clinical audit of the use of renal biopsy in the management of isolated microscopic hematuria. Clin Nephrol. 1998;49:345-348.

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33.  Lang EK, Thomas R, Davis R, et al. Multiphasic helical computerized tomography for the assessment of microscopic hematuria: a prospective study. J Urol. 2004;171:237-243.

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34.  Lang EK, Macchia RJ, Thomas R, et al. Computerized tomography tailored for the assessment of microscopic hematuria. J Urol. 2002;167(2 Pt 1):547-554.

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35.  Qu X, Huang X, Wu L, et al. Comparison of virtual cystoscopy and ultrasonography for bladder cancer detection: a meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol. 2011;80:188-197.

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36.  Mitterberger M, Pinggera GM, Neuwiert H, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasonography of the urinary bladder: preliminary experience of assessment in patients with haematuria. BJU Int. 2007;99:111-116.

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37.  Van Der Molen AJ, Cowan NC, Mueller-Lisse UG, et al. CT urography: definition, indications and techniques: a guideline for clinical practice. Eur Radiol. 2008;18:4-17.

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38.  Albani JM, Ciaschini MW, Streem SB, et al. The role of computerized tomographic urography in the initial evaluation of hematuria. J Urol. 2007;177:644-648.

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39.  Dikranian AH, Petitti DB, Shapiro CE, et al. Intravenous urography in evaluation of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. J Endourol. 2005;19:595-597.

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40.  Jaffe JS, Ginsberg PC, Gill R, et al. A new diagnostic algorithm for the evaluation of microscopic hematuria. Urology. 2001;57:889-894.

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41.  Hong SK, Ahn C, Kim HH. The value of cystoscopy as an initial diagnostic modality for asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. J Korean Med Sci. 2001;16:309-312.

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42.  Hahn BH, McMahon M, Wilkinson A, et al. American College of Rheumatology guidelines for screening, case definition, treatment and management of lupus nephritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012; 64:797-808.

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