恶性肿瘤的排除:有高级别证据表明,在除外恶性肿瘤或避免患者进行其他诊断性检查方面,尿脱落细胞学检查并无价值。[30]Rodgers M, Nixon J, Hempel S, et al. Diagnostic tests and algorithms used in the investigation of haematuria: systematic reviews and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2006;10:1-259.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16729917?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
恶性肿瘤的排除:有高级别证据表明,在除外恶性肿瘤或避免患者进行其他诊断性检查方面,尿脱落细胞学检查并无价值。[30]Rodgers M, Nixon J, Hempel S, et al. Diagnostic tests and algorithms used in the investigation of haematuria: systematic reviews and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2006;10:1-259.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16729917?tool=bestpractice.com
尿路肿瘤的鉴别:有中等证据表明,通过对血尿的筛查确定泌尿系肿瘤是无益的。[5]Hiatt RA, Ordonez JD. Dipstick urinalysis screening, asymptomatic microhematuria, and subsequent urological cancers in a population-based sample. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994;3:439-443. [Published correction appears in Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994;3:523.]http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/3/5/439http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7848421?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Messing EM, Madeb R, Young T, et al. Long-term outcome of hematuria home screening for bladder cancer in men. Cancer. 2006;107:2173-2179.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.22224/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17029275?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Topham PS, Jethwa A, Watkins M, et al. The value of urine screening in a young adult population. Fam Pract. 2004;21:18-21.http://fampra.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/1/18http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14760038?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Feldstein MS, Hentz JG, Gillett MD, et al. Should the upper tracts be imaged for microscopic haematuria? BJU Int. 2005;96:612-617.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16104920?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Yamagata K, Takahashi H, Tomida C, et al. Prognosis of asymptomatic hematuria and/or proteinuria in men. High prevalence of IgA nephropathy among proteinuria patients found in mass screening. Nephron. 2002;91:34-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12021517?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
尿路肿瘤的鉴别:有中等证据表明,通过对血尿的筛查确定泌尿系肿瘤是无益的。[5]Hiatt RA, Ordonez JD. Dipstick urinalysis screening, asymptomatic microhematuria, and subsequent urological cancers in a population-based sample. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994;3:439-443. [Published correction appears in Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994;3:523.]http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/3/5/439http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7848421?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Messing EM, Madeb R, Young T, et al. Long-term outcome of hematuria home screening for bladder cancer in men. Cancer. 2006;107:2173-2179.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.22224/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17029275?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Topham PS, Jethwa A, Watkins M, et al. The value of urine screening in a young adult population. Fam Pract. 2004;21:18-21.http://fampra.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/1/18http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14760038?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Feldstein MS, Hentz JG, Gillett MD, et al. Should the upper tracts be imaged for microscopic haematuria? BJU Int. 2005;96:612-617.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16104920?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Yamagata K, Takahashi H, Tomida C, et al. Prognosis of asymptomatic hematuria and/or proteinuria in men. High prevalence of IgA nephropathy among proteinuria patients found in mass screening. Nephron. 2002;91:34-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12021517?tool=bestpractice.com
肾性血尿的鉴别:中等级别证据表明,尿中存在变形红细胞和红细胞管型提示肾实质疾病。[22]Fracchia JA, Motta J, Miller L, et al. Evaluation of asymptomatic microhematuria. Urology. 1995;46:484-489.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7571215?tool=bestpractice.com 以异形红细胞占80%作为临界值,能准确预测肾脏源性(血尿)。[30]Rodgers M, Nixon J, Hempel S, et al. Diagnostic tests and algorithms used in the investigation of haematuria: systematic reviews and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2006;10:1-259.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16729917?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
肾性血尿的鉴别:中等级别证据表明,尿中存在变形红细胞和红细胞管型提示肾实质疾病。[22]Fracchia JA, Motta J, Miller L, et al. Evaluation of asymptomatic microhematuria. Urology. 1995;46:484-489.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7571215?tool=bestpractice.com 以异形红细胞占80%作为临界值,能准确预测肾脏源性(血尿)。[30]Rodgers M, Nixon J, Hempel S, et al. Diagnostic tests and algorithms used in the investigation of haematuria: systematic reviews and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2006;10:1-259.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16729917?tool=bestpractice.com
重大的潜在肾疾病的诊断:有中等级别证据表明,伴发蛋白尿的血尿提示严重的潜在肾脏疾病。[24]Shen P, Ding X, Ten J, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics and outcome of adult patients with hematuria and/or proteinuria found during routine examination. Nephron Clin Pract. 2006;103:c149-c156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16636583?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Yamagata K, Takahashi H, Tomida C, et al. Prognosis of asymptomatic hematuria and/or proteinuria in men. High prevalence of IgA nephropathy among proteinuria patients found in mass screening. Nephron. 2002;91:34-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12021517?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Hall CL, Bradley R, Kerr A, et al. Clinical value of renal biopsy in patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria with and without low-grade proteinuria. Clin Nephrol. 2004;62:267-272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15524056?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
重大的潜在肾疾病的诊断:有中等级别证据表明,伴发蛋白尿的血尿提示严重的潜在肾脏疾病。[24]Shen P, Ding X, Ten J, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics and outcome of adult patients with hematuria and/or proteinuria found during routine examination. Nephron Clin Pract. 2006;103:c149-c156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16636583?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Yamagata K, Takahashi H, Tomida C, et al. Prognosis of asymptomatic hematuria and/or proteinuria in men. High prevalence of IgA nephropathy among proteinuria patients found in mass screening. Nephron. 2002;91:34-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12021517?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Hall CL, Bradley R, Kerr A, et al. Clinical value of renal biopsy in patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria with and without low-grade proteinuria. Clin Nephrol. 2004;62:267-272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15524056?tool=bestpractice.com
血尿来源的鉴别:中等级别证据表明,在以前泌尿外科检查,包括静脉尿路造影(IVU)或超声检查阴性的患者中,CT尿路造影发现复发性血尿的敏感性为91%,特异性为94%。[33]Lang EK, Thomas R, Davis R, et al. Multiphasic helical computerized tomography for the assessment of microscopic hematuria: a prospective study. J Urol. 2004;171:237-243.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14665884?tool=bestpractice.com CT泌尿系造影和IVU诊断上尿路的敏感性分别为94%和50%。[38]Albani JM, Ciaschini MW, Streem SB, et al. The role of computerized tomographic urography in the initial evaluation of hematuria. J Urol. 2007;177:644-648.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222650?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
血尿来源的鉴别:中等级别证据表明,在以前泌尿外科检查,包括静脉尿路造影(IVU)或超声检查阴性的患者中,CT尿路造影发现复发性血尿的敏感性为91%,特异性为94%。[33]Lang EK, Thomas R, Davis R, et al. Multiphasic helical computerized tomography for the assessment of microscopic hematuria: a prospective study. J Urol. 2004;171:237-243.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14665884?tool=bestpractice.com CT泌尿系造影和IVU诊断上尿路的敏感性分别为94%和50%。[38]Albani JM, Ciaschini MW, Streem SB, et al. The role of computerized tomographic urography in the initial evaluation of hematuria. J Urol. 2007;177:644-648.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222650?tool=bestpractice.com