食物过敏的诊断主要依赖于病史。应该根据患者症状将过敏分为IgE介导的、T细胞介导的或者两者共同介导的这三类。特定的食物过敏原的测试主要是取决于这种分类。
食物不耐受和敏感的诊断也主要依靠病史。摄取特定食物时出现相应症状通常会让人们怀疑对这种食物不耐受或敏感。[40]Boyce JA, Assa'ad A, Burks AW, et al; NIAID-Sponsored Expert Panel. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: report of the NIAID-sponsored expert panel. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(6 Suppl):S1-S58.http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(10)01566-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21134576?tool=bestpractice.com
疾病史
所有患者,不分年龄,如果在食物摄入后2个小时内有声嘶、荨麻疹、血管性水肿、瘙痒、喉咙发紧、喘息、呕吐或心血管衰竭症状,应进行可能的食物过敏评估和肌注肾上腺素治疗。准确识别可能引发过敏反应的食物的关键信息包括以下内容:
反应前2小时内所有摄入食物的列表
食物摄取与出现反应之间的时间间隔
食物的摄取量
摄入某种食物后出现症状的病史
与过敏反应有关的其他因素,如运动或服用阿司匹林。[12]Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Sampson H. Adverse reactions to foods. Med Clin North Am. 2006;90:97-127.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310526?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Sampson HA. 9. Food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(suppl 2):S540-S547.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12592300?tool=bestpractice.com
通常来说,我们可以根据病史把判断的重点从许多种可能的食物范围缩小到几种可能的食物上。成人中最常见的食物过敏原是花生、坚果、贝类和鱼类。在年幼的孩子中,通常的诱因是牛奶、鸡蛋、小麦、大豆、花生和坚果。[1]Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. 9. Food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(suppl 2):S470-S475.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16455349?tool=bestpractice.com
婴幼儿食物过敏
婴幼儿的过敏反应,可以由自身直接摄入的食物引发,而对于母乳喂养的婴幼儿,其过敏反应也可由母亲摄入的食物引发。仔细询问病史可以让我们有重点的去寻找潜在的食物过敏原。
婴儿出现中度至重度湿疹应进行食物过敏的诊断评估。首先应仔细询问临床病史以确定导致即时反应和湿疹恶化的诱发的食物。父母可能辨别不了与湿疹发作关系密切的食物。如果依靠病史不能够判断出潜在的食物过敏原,则应该对常见的食物过敏原进行测试评估:牛奶、鸡蛋、小麦、大豆、花生、坚果和可能的贝类。[18]Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104:S114-S122.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10482862?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Werfel T, Ballmer-Weber B, Eigenmann PA, et al. Eczematous reactions to food in atopic eczema: position paper of the EAACI and GA2LEN. Allergy. 2007;62:723-728.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01429.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17573718?tool=bestpractice.com[41]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Food allergy in children and young people: Diagnosis and assessment of food allergy in children and young people in primary care and community settings. February 2011. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 1 August 2015).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG116
婴幼儿常表现为生长迟滞和呕吐。这2个特点常见于有嗜酸性粒细胞性食管炎或腹部疾病的婴儿。此外,有腹部疾病的婴幼儿往往也有脂肪痢。[29]Presutti RJ, Cangemi JR, Cassidy HD, et al. Celiac disease. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:1795-1802.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/1215/p1795.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18217518?tool=bestpractice.com[30]James SP. 19. Immunologic, gastroenterologic, and hepatobiliary disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(suppl 2):S645-S658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12592310?tool=bestpractice.com存在这些症状时,需要进一步检查。辨别食物过敏原不能单纯的依靠病史,而且还需要进一步的测试。
婴幼儿出现大量呕吐、腹泻、烦躁不安和嗜睡时,可能是患有食物蛋白质引起的小肠结肠炎。[24]Sicherer SH. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: case presentations and management lessons. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:149-156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15637562?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Sampson HA, Wood RA, et al. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome caused by solid food proteins. Pediatrics. 2003;111:829-835.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12671120?tool=bestpractice.com如果健康、发育正常的婴儿出现血丝便,则其可能患有食物蛋白质引起的直肠结肠炎。[1]Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. 9. Food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(suppl 2):S470-S475.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16455349?tool=bestpractice.com在这两种情况下,病史对于诊断和鉴定诱发食物很关键。通常刺激食物是在症状出现之前约2小时摄取。仔细询问饮食病史对确定致敏原是至关重要的。没有诊断测试可以确定这2个病症的致病食品;食物过敏的诊断完全基于病史。牛奶和大豆是两种最常见的诱发食物。[1]Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. 9. Food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(suppl 2):S470-S475.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16455349?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Egger M, Mutschlechner S, Wopfner N, et al. Pollen-food syndromes associated with weed pollinosis: an update from the molecular point of view. Allergy. 2006;61:461-476.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00994.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512809?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Sicherer SH. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: case presentations and management lessons. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:149-156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15637562?tool=bestpractice.com一旦基于病史识别出一种可疑食品,就应当从饮食中去除这种食物。如果去除后症状缓解,则可以确诊。[24]Sicherer SH. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: case presentations and management lessons. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:149-156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15637562?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Sampson HA, Wood RA, et al. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome caused by solid food proteins. Pediatrics. 2003;111:829-835.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12671120?tool=bestpractice.com
儿童食物过敏
孩子可能有过食入特定的食物而产生过敏反应的经历。致病食物的鉴定主要依赖病史。除了食物摄取,运动也是诱发过敏反应的重要因素,因此,病史询问应当包括过敏反应与相关运动之间的时间关系。[13]Du Toit G. Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis in childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2007;18:455-463.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17617816?tool=bestpractice.com
有证据提示,早期摄入致敏食物可能降低发生食物过敏的可能性。一项研究报告,在重度特应性皮炎或对鸡蛋过敏的患儿中,在出生后 4 至 11 个月内摄入花生的患儿仅有 1.9% 在以后发生花生过敏,而同一儿童人群中,在出生后 60 个月内避免摄入花生的患儿有 13.7% 发生花生过敏。[42]Du Toit G, Roberts G, Sayre PH, et al; LEAP Study Team. Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:803-813.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1414850#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25705822?tool=bestpractice.com这项证据提示,早期摄入花生可能降低发生花生过敏的可能性。
中度至重度湿疹的儿童可能有潜在的食物过敏使他们的皮肤疾病恶化。如果父母觉得某种食物会加重孩子的湿疹,那么可以对这种过敏食物做进一步的评估测试。然而,父母往往识别不了诱发过敏反应的食物。在这种情况下,应该对常见的食物过敏原进行测试评估,包括花生、坚果、牛奶、大豆、蛋和小麦。[9]Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy: recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment. Annu Rev Med. 2009;60:261-277.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18729729?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Sicherer SH, Teuber S; Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee. Current approach to the diagnosis and management of adverse reactions to foods. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:1146-1150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15536423?tool=bestpractice.com[41]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Food allergy in children and young people: Diagnosis and assessment of food allergy in children and young people in primary care and community settings. February 2011. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 1 August 2015).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG116
如果儿童和青少年有嗜酸性粒细胞性食管炎,他们经常感觉到胃灼热、腹痛和吞咽困难。[15]Hofmann A, Burks AW. Pollen food syndrome: update on the allergens. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2008;8:413-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682109?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Blanchard C, Rothenberg ME. Basic pathogenesis of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2008;18:133-143.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2194642/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18061107?tool=bestpractice.com需要食管活检来确诊。加剧嗜酸性粒细胞性食管炎的具体食物过敏原不能单纯的依靠病史去判断,但该食物往往是与导致IgE介导过敏反应的食物相同。[15]Hofmann A, Burks AW. Pollen food syndrome: update on the allergens. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2008;8:413-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682109?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Blanchard C, Rothenberg ME. Basic pathogenesis of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2008;18:133-143.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2194642/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18061107?tool=bestpractice.com
腹部疾病(口炎性腹泻)的患儿可出现呕吐、脂肪痢和生长迟滞。对于症状复杂的患儿,需要通过抗体检测和小肠活检来进行进一步的评估。[29]Presutti RJ, Cangemi JR, Cassidy HD, et al. Celiac disease. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:1795-1802.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/1215/p1795.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18217518?tool=bestpractice.com[30]James SP. 19. Immunologic, gastroenterologic, and hepatobiliary disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(suppl 2):S645-S658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12592310?tool=bestpractice.com
成人食物过敏
荨麻疹、血管性水肿、呕吐、气喘、瘙痒、喉咙发紧或心血管衰竭的症状提示有过敏反应,并需要及时进行肌肉注射肾上腺素治疗。在此之后,应就可能诱发过敏的食物仔细询问病史。成人常见的原因是花生、坚果、贝类或鱼类过敏。应进行皮肤点刺试验和/或体外IgE检测以进一步评估识别出潜在的食物过敏原。
对花粉或乳胶过敏的人可能会在接触某些水果、蔬菜和香料后出现口腔方面的症状。[44]Kelso JM. Pollen-food allergy syndrome. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30:905-907.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10848910?tool=bestpractice.com这些症状通常位于口咽,可能包括嘴唇、口腔黏膜和软腭的瘙痒和血管性水肿。[17]Egger M, Mutschlechner S, Wopfner N, et al. Pollen-food syndromes associated with weed pollinosis: an update from the molecular point of view. Allergy. 2006;61:461-476.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00994.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16512809?tool=bestpractice.com对于曾因摄入水果、蔬菜或香料而出现口腔症状的患者,应通过皮肤点刺试验进行花粉或乳胶过敏评估。
除非有过敏史,否则成人湿疹不需要进行食物过敏评估。出现食物嵌塞、吞咽困难或抗反流治疗失败的成人,应该通过食管活检来判断是否有嗜酸性粒细胞性食管炎。[10]Sicherer SH, Teuber S; Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee. Current approach to the diagnosis and management of adverse reactions to foods. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:1146-1150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15536423?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Spergel JM, Beausoleil JL, Mascarenhas M, et al. The use of skin prick tests and patch tests to identify causative foods in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:363-368.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11842310?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Spergel JM, Andrews T, Brown-Whitehorn TF, et al. Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis with specific food elimination diet directed by a combination of skin prick and patch tests. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;95:336-343.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16279563?tool=bestpractice.com一旦诊断为嗜酸性粒细胞性食管炎,应通过皮肤点刺试验对食物过敏进一步评估。
对于出现腹泻、体重减轻、腹部不适、乏力、营养缺乏、贫血或骨质疏松症的成人患者,应该通过抗体检测和活检进行进一步的腹部疾病评估。[29]Presutti RJ, Cangemi JR, Cassidy HD, et al. Celiac disease. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:1795-1802.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/1215/p1795.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18217518?tool=bestpractice.com[30]James SP. 19. Immunologic, gastroenterologic, and hepatobiliary disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(suppl 2):S645-S658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12592310?tool=bestpractice.com此外,有疱疹样皮炎的皮疹患者还应该接受乳糜泻评估。
婴儿、儿童和成人的食物不耐受
先天性酶缺陷的婴儿,可能会在1岁内出现腹泻、生长迟滞和腹胀。出现上述症状的婴儿都应该进行胃肠道酶缺乏的评估。[9]Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food allergy: recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment. Annu Rev Med. 2009;60:261-277.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18729729?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Baudon JJ, Veinberg F, Thioulouse E, et al. Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency: changing pattern over two decades. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1996;22:284-288.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8708882?tool=bestpractice.com
婴幼儿、儿童和成人食物敏感
使用单胺氧化酶抑制剂出现偏头痛的患者应进行食物敏感的评估。[32]Sun-Edelstein C, Mauskop A. Foods and supplements in the management of migraine headaches. Clin J Pain. 2009;25:446-452.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19454881?tool=bestpractice.com然而,摄入的食物和偏头痛之间的关联是非常有争议的。文献表明,摄入含酪胺和其他生物胺的食物和偏头痛之间没有相关性。[6]Jansen SC, van Dusseldorp M, Bottema KC, et al. Intolerance to dietary biogenic amines: a review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;91:233-240; quiz 241-2, 296.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14533654?tool=bestpractice.com
还没有临床试验证明谷氨酸钠(MSG)与敏感反应的关系。[5]Heyman MB; Committee on Nutrition. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006;118:1279-1286.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/3/1279.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16951027?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Stevenson DD. Monosodium glutamate and asthma. J Nutr. 2000;130(suppl 4s):1067S-1073S.http://jn.nutrition.org/content/130/4/1067S.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736384?tool=bestpractice.com
体格检查
体检发现急性食物过敏反应患者的表现包括荨麻疹、口咽的血管性水肿、声音嘶哑、出汗、打喷嚏、气喘和血压低。然而,患者往往是在过敏性事件之后进行检查,因此在检查当时没有过敏的迹象。偶尔,患者有特应性疾病的特点,如过敏性鼻炎的症状(眼窝周围皮肤变暗、鼻黏膜苍白潮湿和结膜充血)或湿疹的症状(儿童/成人的关节屈肌表面或儿童的关节伸肌表面和面部,出现粗糙、发红、凸起的丘疹和斑块)。过敏性鼻炎的症状也可能发生在口腔过敏综合征的患者中。
腹部疾病患者可能有疱疹性皮炎:由红色斑块、丘疹和囊泡组合而成的位于手肘、膝盖、臀部和背部伸肌表面上的红色皮疹。[47]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Coeliac disease: recognition, assessment and management NICE guidelines [NG20]. September 2015. https://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 12 August 2016).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng20常由于抓挠使皮疹表皮脱落。[29]Presutti RJ, Cangemi JR, Cassidy HD, et al. Celiac disease. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:1795-1802.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/1215/p1795.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18217518?tool=bestpractice.com[30]James SP. 19. Immunologic, gastroenterologic, and hepatobiliary disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(suppl 2):S645-S658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12592310?tool=bestpractice.com
存在食物蛋白诱发的小肠结肠炎、直肠结肠炎或嗜酸性粒细胞性食管炎的患者通常体检结果正常。有些患有嗜酸性粒细胞性食管炎或腹部疾病的婴儿和儿童可能出现体重低和生长迟滞的症状。
食物过敏伴过敏反应的研究
如果患者有过敏反应的症状,仔细询问病史确定可能的诱发食品。一旦根据病史确定出几个候选食物,皮肤点刺试验和体外IgE的测定法(例如,immunoCAP亲水载体聚合物氟代酶免疫测定法)可用于进一步评估某种潜在的食物过敏。重症皮炎或深色的皮肤患者、使用抗组胺剂或表现出皮肤划痕症患者,应优先进行IgE的测试,或在皮肤点刺试验基础上进行IgE的测试。可以对任何年龄段患者(包括婴儿)进行过敏试验。
皮肤点刺试验
小量的食物抗原通过点刺或穿刺导入皮肤。[12]Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Sampson H. Adverse reactions to foods. Med Clin North Am. 2006;90:97-127.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310526?tool=bestpractice.com
食物过敏原与肥大细胞表面的IgE结合,从而引起肥大细胞脱颗粒,导致风团的形成。[4]Sicherer SH. Food allergy. Lancet. 2002;360:701-710.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12241890?tool=bestpractice.com
如果过敏原导致风团的直径比对照盐水组大3mm,则认为是阳性结果。[4]Sicherer SH. Food allergy. Lancet. 2002;360:701-710.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12241890?tool=bestpractice.com
过敏原的皮肤点刺检测的阴性预测值是95%,这意味着皮肤点刺检测阴性表明机体对过敏原没有反应。[10]Sicherer SH, Teuber S; Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee. Current approach to the diagnosis and management of adverse reactions to foods. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:1146-1150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15536423?tool=bestpractice.com
通常,皮肤检测的阳性预测值是50%。[10]Sicherer SH, Teuber S; Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee. Current approach to the diagnosis and management of adverse reactions to foods. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:1146-1150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15536423?tool=bestpractice.com这意味着,皮肤点刺试验阳性并不能说明对特定过敏原真正过敏。然而,一些研究已经针对皮肤点刺的风团直径制定了95%阳性预测值的,在一些因素基础上产生了不同的结果。在一般情况下,风团直径越大,个体对食用的食物产生即时反应可能性越大。[48]Peters RL, Gurrin LC, Allen KJ. The predictive value of skin prick testing for challenge-proven food allergy: a systematic review. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2012;23:347-352.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22136629?tool=bestpractice.com在某些情况下可能有必要进一步调查体外IgE和口腔食物激发试验。
许多人对特定过敏原敏感,但在暴露于过敏原时却没有临床反应。[10]Sicherer SH, Teuber S; Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee. Current approach to the diagnosis and management of adverse reactions to foods. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:1146-1150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15536423?tool=bestpractice.com
体外定量特异性IgE封装的亲水载体聚合物荧光酶免疫测定(CAP-FEIA)
用于检测患者是否对特定的食物敏感。[4]Sicherer SH. Food allergy. Lancet. 2002;360:701-710.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12241890?tool=bestpractice.com
阳性结果并不一定意味着患者对特殊食物过敏。
如果患者能耐受饮食中的可疑食物,则患者只是对这种食物敏感,而非过敏。
研究表明,高浓度的食品特异性IgE可以预测患者对食物的临床反应。[49]Sampson HA, Ho DG. Relationship between food-specific IgE concentrations and the risk of positive food challenges in children and adolescents. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;100:444-451.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9338535?tool=bestpractice.com
对于特应性皮炎的患儿,有特定的试验分析表明,采用特定方式测得的患者对蛋、牛奶、花生和鳕鱼的特异性IgE浓度具有95%的反应预测准确率。[49]Sampson HA, Ho DG. Relationship between food-specific IgE concentrations and the risk of positive food challenges in children and adolescents. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;100:444-451.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9338535?tool=bestpractice.com
口腔食物激发试验[50]Sicherer SH. Food allergy: when and how to perform oral food challenges. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1999;10:226-234.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10678717?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Mankad VS, Williams LW, Lee LA, et al. Safety of open food challenges in the office setting. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;100:469-474.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18517080?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Sampson HA, Gerth van Wijk R, Bindslev-Jensen C, et al. Standardizing double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology-European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology PRACTALL consensus report. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130:1260-1274.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23195525?tool=bestpractice.com
双盲、安慰剂对照的口腔食物激发试验被认为是食物过敏的明确诊断标准。[10]Sicherer SH, Teuber S; Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee. Current approach to the diagnosis and management of adverse reactions to foods. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:1146-1150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15536423?tool=bestpractice.com
如果食物过敏的诊断在皮肤点刺试验和IgE抗体测定后仍然不确定,那么患者可能需要接受可疑食物的口腔食物激发试验。
开放式食物激发试验可用于筛查反应。[53]Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Assa'ad AH, Bahna SL, et al. Work Group report: oral food challenge testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(suppl 6):S365-S383.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19500710?tool=bestpractice.com
食物激发试验应在医师的监督下进行,并准备好随手可用的应急药物,包括肾上腺素。[18]Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104:S114-S122.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10482862?tool=bestpractice.com
在食物激发试验中,患者应逐渐增加可疑食物的摄入量直到自身有所反应或者食物已增加到最大量且耐受。[19]Werfel T, Ballmer-Weber B, Eigenmann PA, et al. Eczematous reactions to food in atopic eczema: position paper of the EAACI and GA2LEN. Allergy. 2007;62:723-728.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01429.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17573718?tool=bestpractice.com
皮肤点刺试验和体外IgE检测,应该只用于检测病史反映出的可能引起过敏反应的食物过敏原。针对多种食物过敏原的体外IgE检测阳性结果是没有意义的,除非食品已根据病史被认定为可能的原因。阳性皮肤点刺试验或IgE试验并不意味着患者有食物过敏;这只意味着他们对食物敏感。只有病史或口腔食物激发试验可以识别真正的食物过敏原。
仅口腔症状与食物过敏的研究
接触某些水果、蔬菜和香料后出现瘙痒或血管性水肿等口腔症状的成人,应评估口腔过敏综合征。
口腔过敏综合征的患者,可能有花粉-食品综合征(最常见的形式)或胶乳-食品综合征。
病史应该侧重于查明过敏性鼻结膜炎(流鼻涕、打喷嚏、发痒、眼睛潮湿)的症状以及症状的季节。
病史应该包括摄入食物引起的反应。
特异性花粉过敏与特定的水果和蔬菜引起的口腔症状有关。例如,桦树花粉过敏往往与核果、坚果或某些蔬菜引发的口腔症状有关。[54]Bohle B, Zwolfer B, Heratizadeh A. Cooking birch pollen-related food: divergent consequences for IgE- and T cell-mediated reactivity in vitro and in vivo. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:242-249.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16815162?tool=bestpractice.com
乳胶过敏往往与鳄梨、猕猴桃、香蕉或栗子引发的口腔症状相关,但也可能涉及其他的水果和蔬菜。
皮肤点刺试验可用于鉴定花粉或乳胶过敏反应。
有关花粉/食品关联和乳胶/食品关联知识可以帮助患者避免引起过敏反应的食物。
特应性皮炎与食物过敏的研究
重度湿疹的患者
需要仔细询问病史来确定诱发即时反应和湿疹恶化的食物。
如果没有食物过敏史,中度至重度湿疹的患儿可以通过皮肤点刺试验或体外IgE检测对常见的食物过敏原进行筛查(牛奶、鸡蛋、小麦、大豆、花生和坚果)
如果筛查试验是阳性的,则应禁食该可疑食物至少1个月
如果停止食用后湿疹改善或临床反应是不确定的,则进行口腔食物激发试验
如果激发试验后没有立刻出现明显的症状,应食用该食物数天,然后重新评估湿疹恶化情况[18]Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104:S114-S122.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10482862?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Werfel T, Ballmer-Weber B, Eigenmann PA, et al. Eczematous reactions to food in atopic eczema: position paper of the EAACI and GA2LEN. Allergy. 2007;62:723-728.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01429.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17573718?tool=bestpractice.com
如果食物激发试验后患者出现症状或湿疹恶化,则应该继续禁止食用该食物。
如果食物激发试验后没有症状及湿疹无变化,则所述食物可以被重新食用。[18]Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Food hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104:S114-S122.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10482862?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Werfel T, Ballmer-Weber B, Eigenmann PA, et al. Eczematous reactions to food in atopic eczema: position paper of the EAACI and GA2LEN. Allergy. 2007;62:723-728.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01429.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17573718?tool=bestpractice.com
嗜酸性粒细胞性食管炎与食物过敏的研究
对于出现食物嵌塞、吞咽困难或未能对抗反流治疗作出反应的患者;对于出现生长迟滞、呕吐或反胃的婴幼儿;或对于出现胃灼热、腹痛或吞咽困难的儿童和青少年,应考虑以下检查:
上消化道内镜联合食管活检(每高倍视野下>15 个嗜酸性粒细胞提示活检阳性)[44]Kelso JM. Pollen-food allergy syndrome. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30:905-907.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10848910?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Liacouras CA, Furuta GT, Hirano I, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: updated consensus recommendations for children and adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:3-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21477849?tool=bestpractice.com
食物过敏评估
食物特异性IgE的皮肤点刺试验和体外IgE的试验
特应性斑贴试验(对于特应性斑贴试验在确定能引起迟发型细胞介导反应的食物过敏原中的作用仍存在争议)[46]Spergel JM, Andrews T, Brown-Whitehorn TF, et al. Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis with specific food elimination diet directed by a combination of skin prick and patch tests. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;95:336-343.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16279563?tool=bestpractice.com
基于去除最常见的食物过敏原的实证饮食[16]Bock SA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Fatalities due to anaphylactic reactions to foods. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:191-193.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11150011?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Spergel JM, Beausoleil JL, Mascarenhas M, et al. The use of skin prick tests and patch tests to identify causative foods in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:363-368.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11842310?tool=bestpractice.com
成分饮食试验。
食物过敏患儿伴小肠结肠炎或直肠结肠炎的研究
对于有过摄入食物后出现大量呕吐、腹泻和烦躁症状的婴幼儿,或者对于出现间歇性血丝便、稀便症状的发育正常的健康婴幼儿,应怀疑有小肠结肠炎或直肠结肠炎。[1]Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. 9. Food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(suppl 2):S470-S475.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16455349?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Sicherer SH. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: case presentations and management lessons. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:149-156.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15637562?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Sampson HA, Wood RA, et al. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome caused by solid food proteins. Pediatrics. 2003;111:829-835.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12671120?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Dupont C, Chouraqui JP, de Boissieu D, et al. Dietary treatment of cows' milk protein allergy in childhood: a commentary by the Committee on Nutrition of the French Society of Paediatrics. Br J Nutr. 2012;107:325-338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22115523?tool=bestpractice.com[57]De Greef E, Hauser B, Devreker T, et al. Diagnosis and management of cow's milk protein allergy in infants. World J Pediatr. 2012;8:19-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22282379?tool=bestpractice.com
诊断主要根据病史。
牛奶和大豆是食物中最常见的过敏原。
偶尔也有报道称,其他食物(如谷物、蔬菜和家禽)也可成为食物蛋白诱发性小肠结肠炎的诱发因素。[25]Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Sampson HA, Wood RA, et al. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome caused by solid food proteins. Pediatrics. 2003;111:829-835.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12671120?tool=bestpractice.com
约50%的直肠结肠炎婴儿是母乳喂养,食物过敏原可能来自产妇的饮食。[12]Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Sampson H. Adverse reactions to foods. Med Clin North Am. 2006;90:97-127.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310526?tool=bestpractice.com
一旦刺激食物从婴儿或母亲的饮食中去除,症状缓解。[45]Spergel JM, Beausoleil JL, Mascarenhas M, et al. The use of skin prick tests and patch tests to identify causative foods in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:363-368.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11842310?tool=bestpractice.com
疑似乳糜泻的研究
提示腹部疾病的特点包括腹泻、腹胀、腹痛、贫血、疱疹样皮炎病史(对称地发生在手臂、腿、臀部、躯干、颈部和头皮的伸肌表面的强烈搔痒的丘疹水疱性病变)。如果怀疑存在这种情况,则病情检查将包括:[58]Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, Kelly CP, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:656-676.http://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v108/n5/full/ajg201379a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23609613?tool=bestpractice.com
应首先对谷蛋白饮食患者的IgA型抗组织转谷氨酰胺酶(IgA-tTG)进行检测。这将显示出高于正常参考范围的滴度,滴度越高,阳性预测值越高;[29]Presutti RJ, Cangemi JR, Cassidy HD, et al. Celiac disease. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:1795-1802.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/1215/p1795.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18217518?tool=bestpractice.com[30]James SP. 19. Immunologic, gastroenterologic, and hepatobiliary disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(suppl 2):S645-S658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12592310?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabo IR, et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54:136-160.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22197856?tool=bestpractice.com需要注意的是,抗麦胶蛋白抗体没有特异性,也没有诊断价值。[29]Presutti RJ, Cangemi JR, Cassidy HD, et al. Celiac disease. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:1795-1802.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/1215/p1795.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18217518?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Rashid M, Butzner JD, Warren R, et al. Home blood testing for celiac disease: recommendations for management. Can Fam Physician. 2009;55:151-153.http://www.cfp.ca/content/55/2/151.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221072?tool=bestpractice.com
免疫球蛋白G-组织型转谷氨酰胺酶(IgG-tTG)和脱酰胺的麦胶蛋白肽抗体(IgG-DGP和IgA-DGP)应在所有IgA水平低或IgA缺乏的患者中检测。
当患者的饮食中仍然含有谷蛋白时,应进行所有血清学检测。当筛查<2 岁的儿童时,IgA-tTG 应与 IgG-DGP 和 IgA-DGP 联合使用。
如果高度怀疑是腹部疾病,需要进行肠道活检。即使血清学检查结果为阴性,也应该进行肠道活检。
在准备对无谷蛋白饮食患者进行谷蛋白诱发试验前,应进行HLA-DQ2/DQ8基因分型以排除腹部疾病。
FBC结果通常提示低水平的血红蛋白和小红细胞,成人最常见的临床表现是缺铁性贫血;叶酸(和罕见的维生素B12)缺乏会导致大细胞性贫血。
对于疱疹性皮炎的患者,在对皮损进行活检时,可以通过直接免疫荧光检测发现病变和病变周围皮肤的真皮乳头层中有IgA的颗粒样沉积物。
疑似乳糖不耐症的研究
摄入奶制品后出现稀便、腹胀或腹痛症状的儿童、青少年和成人,应接受乳糖酶缺乏的检测。[5]Heyman MB; Committee on Nutrition. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006;118:1279-1286.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/3/1279.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16951027?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Lomer MC, Parkes GC, Sanderson JD. Review article: lactose intolerance in clinical practice - myths and realities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:93-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17956597?tool=bestpractice.com检查包括:
记录下牛奶和奶制品从饮食中去除后的症状,对比发现乳糖从饮食中去除后症状是否较前有所改善。之后进行牛奶和奶制品诱发试验,对比发现症状是否复发。[5]Heyman MB; Committee on Nutrition. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006;118:1279-1286.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/3/1279.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16951027?tool=bestpractice.com
乳糖氢呼吸试验中,患者需要禁食一晚并测量2-3小时内呼出的氢,然后摄取标准量(2g/kg,最大25g)的乳糖。如果约 60 分钟后呼出的氢增加幅度>20 ppm,则检测结果为阳性。[5]Heyman MB; Committee on Nutrition. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006;118:1279-1286.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/3/1279.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16951027?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Lomer MC, Parkes GC, Sanderson JD. Review article: lactose intolerance in clinical practice - myths and realities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:93-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17956597?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Marton A, Xue X, Szilagyi A. Meta-analysis: the diagnostic accuracy of lactose breath hydrogen or lactose tolerance tests for predicting the North European lactase polymorphism C/T-13910. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35:429-440.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22211845?tool=bestpractice.com
疑似先天性蔗糖酶-异麦芽糖酶缺乏症的研究
婴儿在食用无乳糖配方的食物或者引入固体食物后出现腹泻、腹痛或者生长发育不良时,应该检查是否患有蔗糖酶-异麦芽糖酶缺乏症。[31]Baudon JJ, Veinberg F, Thioulouse E, et al. Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency: changing pattern over two decades. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1996;22:284-288.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8708882?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Naim HY, Roth J, Sterchi EE, et al. Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency in humans. Different mutations disrupt intracellular transport, processing, and function of an intestinal brush border enzyme. J Clin Invest. 1988;82(2):667-679.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC303562/pdf/jcinvest00080-0297.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3403721?tool=bestpractice.com这是一种非常罕见的疾病,难以诊断。检查包括:
蔗糖氢呼吸试验,患者摄取标准量的蔗糖,测量2-3小时内呼出的氢。如果约 60 分钟后呼出的氢增加幅度>20 ppm,则检测结果为阳性。[31]Baudon JJ, Veinberg F, Thioulouse E, et al. Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency: changing pattern over two decades. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1996;22:284-288.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8708882?tool=bestpractice.com
对小肠进行活检并检测蔗糖酶和异麦芽糖酶水平。[31]Baudon JJ, Veinberg F, Thioulouse E, et al. Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency: changing pattern over two decades. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1996;22:284-288.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8708882?tool=bestpractice.com
食物敏感的研究
食物敏感诊断的依据是可疑食物激发试验后出现相关症状。双盲安慰剂对照试验是诊断食物敏感的最好办法。
许多尝试通过食用MSG和酪胺引起症状的研究都失败了。[6]Jansen SC, van Dusseldorp M, Bottema KC, et al. Intolerance to dietary biogenic amines: a review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;91:233-240; quiz 241-2, 296.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14533654?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Stevenson DD. Monosodium glutamate and asthma. J Nutr. 2000;130(suppl 4s):1067S-1073S.http://jn.nutrition.org/content/130/4/1067S.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736384?tool=bestpractice.com
亚硫酸盐敏感已经清楚地记录在哮喘患者的双盲安慰剂对照试验中。[34]Taylor SL, Bush RK, Selner JC, et al. Sensitivity to sulfited foods among sulfite-sensitive subjects with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988;81:1159-1167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3379229?tool=bestpractice.com肺功能检测应在亚硫酸盐诱发前和规定的诱发间隔之后进行。当FEV1比基线降低了20%时表明该诱发试验阳性。[8]Simon RA. Update on sulfite sensitivity. Allergy. 1998;53(suppl 46):78-79.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9826006?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Taylor SL, Bush RK, Selner JC, et al. Sensitivity to sulfited foods among sulfite-sensitive subjects with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988;81:1159-1167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3379229?tool=bestpractice.com