HIV 皮肤疾病评估

World Health Organization. Guidelines on the treatment of skin and oral HIV-associated conditions in children and adults. 2014. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 24 October 2016).

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Wilkins K, Turner R, Dolev JC, et al. Cutaneous malignancy and human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:189-206; quiz 207-210.

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Maurer TA. Dermatologic manifestations of HIV infection. Top HIV Med. 2005;13:149-154.

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Huiras E, Preda V, Maurer T, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2008;3:453-460.

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1.  Leslie KS, Levell NJ. Dermatologists, beacons of epidemics; past, present and future! Int J Dermatol. 2004;43:468-470.

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2.  World Health Organization. Guidelines on the treatment of skin and oral HIV-associated conditions in children and adults. 2014. http://www.who.int/ (last accessed 24 October 2016).

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3.  Paul S, Evans R, Maurer T, et al. Treatment of dermatological conditions associated with HIV/AIDS: the scarcity of guidance on a global scale. AIDS Res Treat. 2016;2016:3272483.

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4.  Mallon PW, Unemori P, Sedwell R, et al. In vivo, nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors alter expression of both mitochondrial and lipid metabolism genes in the absence of depletion of mitochondrial DNA. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:1686-1696.

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5.  Bastard JP, Caron M, Vidal H, et al. Association between altered expression of adipogenic factor SREBP1 in lipoatrophic adipose tissue from HIV-1-infected patients and abnormal adipocyte differentiation and insulin resistance. Lancet. 2002;359:1026-1031.

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6.  Rosenthal D, LeBoit PE, Klumpp L, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated eosinophilic folliculitis. A unique dermatosis associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Dermatol. 1991;127:206-209.

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7.  Maurer TA. Dermatologic manifestations of HIV infection. In: Cohen PT, Sande MA, Volberding PA, et al., eds. The AIDS knowledge base. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999:425-444.

8.  Resneck JS Jr., Van Beek M, Furmanski L, et al. Etiology of pruritic papular eruption with HIV infection in Uganda. JAMA. 2004;292:2614-2621.

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9.  Silverberg MJ, Neuhaus J, Bower M, et al. Risk of cancers during interrupted antiretroviral therapy in the SMART study. AIDS. 2007;21:1957-1963.

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10.  Molyneux E, Davidson A, Orem J, et al. The management of children with Kaposi sarcoma in resource limited settings. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60:538-542.

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11.  Müller M, Wandel S, Colebunders R, et al; IeDEA Southern and Central Africa. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:251-261.

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12.  Miziara ID, Araujo Filho BC, Weber R. AIDS and recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Rev Bras Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;71:517-520.

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13.  Duvic M, Johnson TM, Rapini RP, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated psoriasis and Reiter's syndrome. Arch Dermatol. 1987;123:1622-1632.

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14.  Menon K, Van Voorhees AS, Bebo BF Jr, et al; National Psoriasis Foundation. Psoriasis in patients with HIV infection: from the medical board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:291-299.

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15.  Healy E, Meenan J, Mulcahy F, et al. The spectrum of HIV related skin diseases in an Irish population. Ir Med J. 1993;86:188-190.

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16.  Coffin SE, Hodinka RL. Utility of direct immunofluorescence and virus culture for detection of varicella-zoster virus in skin lesions. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2792-2795.

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17.  Ball LM, Harper JI. Atopic eczema in HIV-seropositive haemophiliacs. Lancet. 1987;2:627-628.

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18.  Farthing CF, Staughton RC, Rowland Payne CM. Skin disease in homosexual patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and lesser forms of human T cell leukaemia virus (HTLV III) disease. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1985;10:3-12.

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19.  Winchester R, Bernstein DH, Fischer HD, et al. The co-occurrence of Reiter's syndrome and acquired immunodeficiency. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:19-26.

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20.  Schwartz JJ, Myskowski PL. Molluscum contagiosum in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. A review of twenty-seven patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27:583-588.

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21.  Frean J, Arndt S, Spencer D. High rate of Bartonella henselae infection in HIV-positive outpatients in Johannesburg, South Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002;96:549-550.

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22.  Lanjewar DN, Bhosale A, Iyer A. Spectrum of dermatopathologic lesions associated with HIV/AIDS in India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2002;45:293-298.

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23.  Minga KA, Gberi I, Boka MB. Bacillary angiomatosis in an adult infected with HIV-1 at an early stage of immunodepression in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire [in French]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2002;95:34-36.

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24.  Ciervo A, Petrucca A, Ciarrocchi S, et al. Molecular characterization of first human Bartonella strain isolated in Italy. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:4554-4557.

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25.  Gazineo JL, Trope BM, Maceira JP, et al. Bacillary angiomatosis: description of 13 cases reported in five reference centers for AIDS treatment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2001;43:1-6.

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26.  Gutierrez-Galhardo MC, do Valle GF, Sa FC, et al. Clinical characteristics and evolution of syphilis in 24 HIV+ individuals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2005;47:153-157.

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27.  Gare J, Lupiwa T, Suarkia DL, et al. High prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in the eastern highlands province of Papua New Guinea: correlates and recommendations. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:466-473.

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28.  Hesketh T, Tang F, Wang ZB, et al. HIV and syphilis in young Chinese adults: implications for spread. Int J STD AIDS. 2005;16:262-266.

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29.  Nnoruka EN, Ezeoke AC. Evaluation of syphilis in patients with HIV infection in Nigeria. Trop Med Int Health. 2005;10:58-64.

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30.  Ryder N, Bourne C, Rohrsheim R. Clinical audit: adherence to sexually transmitted infection screening guidelines for men who have sex with men. Int J STD AIDS. 2005;16:446-449.

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31.  Dougan S, Elford J, Rice B, et al. Epidemiology of HIV among black and minority ethnic men who have sex with men in England and Wales. Sex Transm Infect. 2005;81:345-350.

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32.  Wong W, Chaw JK, Kent CK, et al. Risk factors for early syphilis among gay and bisexual men seen in an STD clinic: San Francisco, 2002-2003. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:458-463.

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33.  Fenton KA, Imrie J. Increasing rates of sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual men in Western Europe and the United States: why? Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005;19:311-331.

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34.  del Amo J, Gonzalez C, Losana J, et al. Influence of age and geographical origin in the prevalence of high risk human papillomavirus in migrant female sex workers in Spain. Sex Transm Infect. 2005;8:79-84.

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35.  Bignell C, Fitzgerald M; Guideline Development Group. UK national guideline for the management of gonorrhoea in adults, 2011. Int J STD AIDS. 2011;22:541-547.

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36.  Rönn MM, Ward H. The association between lymphogranuloma venereum and HIV among men who have sex with men: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:70.

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37.  Lautenschlager S, Kemp M, Christensen JJ, et al. 2017 European guideline for the management of chancroid. Int J STD AIDS. 2017 Mar;28(4):324-329.

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38.  Bosch RJ, Rodrigo AB, Sanchez P, et al. Presence of Leishmania organisms in specific and non-specific skin lesions in HIV-infected individuals with visceral leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41:670-675.

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39.  Choi CM, Lerner EA. Leishmaniasis: recognition and management with a focus on the immunocompromised patient. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3:91-105.

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40.  Bittencourt A, Silva N, Straatmann A, et al. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis associated with AIDS. Braz J Infect Dis. 2002;6:313-316.

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41.  Agostoni C, Dorigoni N, Malfitano A, et al. Mediterranean leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: epidemiological, clinical, and diagnostic features of 22 cases. Infection. 1998;26:93-99.

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42.  Barrio J, Lecona M, Cosin J, et al. Leishmania infection occurring in herpes zoster lesions in an HIV-positive patient. Br J Dermatol. 1996;134:164-166.

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43.  Cooley TP. Non-AIDS-defining cancer in HIV-infected people. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2003;17:889-899.

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44.  Allardice GM, Hole DJ, Brewster DH, et al. Incidence of malignant neoplasms among HIV-infected persons in Scotland. Br J Cancer. 2003;89:505-507.

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45.  Rabkin CS, Biggar RJ, Horm JW. Increasing incidence of cancers associated with the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic. Int J Cancer. 1991;47:692-696.

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46.  Wilkins K, Turner R, Dolev JC, et al. Cutaneous malignancy and human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:189-206; quiz 207-210.

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47.  Sasco AJ, Jaquet A, Boidin E, et al. The challenge of AIDS-related malignancies in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One. 2010;5:e8621.

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48.  Wieland U, Silling S, Scola N, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus infection in HIV-positive men. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:401-406.

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49.  Yin X, Wu T, Yan Y, et al. Treatment for leiomyosarcoma and leiomyoma in children with HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(5):CD007665.

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50.  Maurer TA. Dermatologic manifestations of HIV infection. Top HIV Med. 2005;13:149-154.

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51.  Lapinski, TW, Parfieniuk A, Rogalska-Plonska M, et al., Prevalence of cryoglobulinaemia in hepatitis C virus- and hepatitis C virus/human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals: implications for renal function. Liver Int. 2009;29:1158-1161.

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52.  Rajendran PM, Dolev JC, Heaphy MR, Jr., et al. Eosinophilic folliculitis: before and after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:1227-1231.

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53.  Huiras E, Preda V, Maurer T, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2008;3:453-460.

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54.  Kreuter A, Brockmeyer NH, Altmeyer P, et al. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV infection. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2008;6:925-934.

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55.  Almagro M, Del Pozo J, Garcia-Silva J, et al. Eyelash length in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2003;17:1695-1696.

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56.  Obuch ML, Maurer TA, Becker B, et al. Psoriasis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27:667-673.

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57.  Colebunders R, Mann JM, Francis H, et al. Generalized papular pruritic eruption in African patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS. 1987;1:117-121.

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58.  Bason MM, Berger TG, Nesbitt LT Jr. Pruritic papular eruption of HIV-disease. Int J Dermatol. 1993;32:784-789.

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59.  Sivayathorn A, Srihra B, Leesanguankul W. Prevalence of skin disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Bangkok, Thailand. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1995;24:528-533.

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60.  Ishii N, Nishiyama T, Sugita Y, et al. Pruritic papular eruption of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Acta Derm Venereol. 1994;74:219-220.

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61.  Parkin JM, Eales LJ, Galazka AR, et al. Atopic manifestations in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: response to recombinant interferon gamma. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;294:1185-1186.

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62.  Gelfand JM, Rudikoff D. Evaluation and treatment of itching in HIV-infected patients. Mt Sinai J Med. 2001;68:298-308.

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63.  Maurer T, Rodrigues LK, Ameli N, et al. The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on dermatologic disease in a longitudinal study of HIV type 1-infected women. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:579-584.

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64.  Redfield RR, James WD, Wright DC, et al. Severe molluscum contagiosum infection in a patient with human T cell lymphotrophic (HTLV-III) disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985;13:821-824.

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65.  Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection of the anal canal in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men. J Infect Dis. 1998;177:361-367.

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66.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection--United States, 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014 Apr 11;63(RR-03):1-10.

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67.  Perronne C, Lazanas M, Leport C, et al. Varicella in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Dermatol. 1990;126:1033-1036.

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68.  Jura E, Chadwick EG, Josephs SH, et al. Varicella-zoster virus infections in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1989;8:586-590.

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69.  Cohen PR, Grossman ME. Clinical features of human immunodeficiency virus-associated disseminated herpes zoster virus infection - a review of the literature. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1989;14:273-276.

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70.  Pahwa S, Biron K, Lim W, et al. Continuous varicella-zoster infection associated with acyclovir resistance in a child with AIDS. JAMA. 1988;260:2879-2882.

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71.  Jacobson MA, Berger TG, Fikrig S, et al. Acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster virus infection after chronic oral acyclovir therapy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med. 1990;112:187-191.

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72.  Linnemann CC, Jr., Biron KK, Hoppenjans WG, et al. Emergence of acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster virus in an AIDS patient on prolonged acyclovir therapy. AIDS. 1990;4:577-579.

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73.  Cooper DA, Gold J, Maclean P, et al. Acute AIDS retrovirus infection. Definition of a clinical illness associated with seroconversion. Lancet. 1985;1:537-540.

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74.  Wantzin GR, Lindhardt BO, Weismann K, et al. Acute HTLV III infection associated with exanthema, diagnosed by seroconversion. Br J Dermatol. 1986;115:601-606.

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75.  Rustin MH, Ridley CM, Smith MD, et al. The acute exanthem associated with seroconversion to human T-cell lymphotropic virus III in a homosexual man. J Infect. 1986;12:161-163.

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76.  Tindall B, Barker S, Donovan B, et al. Characterization of the acute clinical illness associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:945-949.

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77.  Sinicco A, Palestro G, Caramello P, et al. Acute HIV-1 infection: clinical and biological study of 12 patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1990;3:260-265.

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78.  Hulsebosch HJ, Claessen FA, van Ginkel CJ, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus exanthem. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;23:483-486.

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79.  Porras-Luque JI, Valks R, Casal EC, et al. Generalized exanthem with palmoplantar involvement and genital ulcerations: acute primary HIV infection. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:1279-1282.

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80.  Sun HY, Chen MJ, Hung CC, et al. Clinical presentations and virologic characteristics of primary human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection in a university hospital in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2004;37:271-275.

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81.  Ortega KL, Rezende NP, Watanuki F, et al. Secondary syphilis in an HIV positive patient [in English/Spanish]. Med Oral. 2004;9:33-38.

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82.  Baniandres Rodriguez O, Nieto Perea O, Moya Alonso L, et al. Nodular secondary syphilis in a HIV patient mimicking cutaneous lymphoma [in Spanish]. An Med Interna. 2004;21:241-243.

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83.  Dave S, Gopinath DV, Thappa DM. Nodular secondary syphilis. Dermatol Online J. 2003;9:9.

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84.  Doris JP, Saha K, Jones NP, et al. Ocular syphilis: the new epidemic. Eye. 2006;20:703-705.

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85.  Passoni LF, de Menezes JA, Ribeiro SR, et al. Lues maligna in an HIV-infected patient. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2005;38:181-184.

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86.  Janier M, Hegyi V, Dupin N, et al. 2014 European guideline on the management of syphilis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014 Dec;28(12):1581-93.

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87.  Kingston M, French P, Higgins S, et al. UK national guidelines on the management of syphilis 2015. Int J STD AIDS. 2016 May;27(6):421-46.

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88.  Brites C, Weyll M, Pedroso C, et al. Severe and Norwegian scabies are strongly associated with retroviral (HIV-1/HTLV-1) infection in Bahia, Brazil. AIDS. 2002;16:1292-1293.

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89.  Diven DG, Newton RC, Ramsey KM. Heightened cutaneous reactions to mosquito bites in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome receiving zidovudine. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:2296.

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90.  Penneys NS, Nayar JK, Bernstein H, et al. Chronic pruritic eruption in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome associated with increased antibody titers to mosquito salivary gland antigens. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;21:421-425.

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91.  Melo NR, Taguchi H, Jorge J, et al. Oral Candida flora from Brazilian human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2004;99:425-431.

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92.  Maurer T, Ponte M, Leslie K. HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma with a high CD4 count and a low viral load. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1352-1353.

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93.  Mallal S, Phillips E, Carosi G, et al; PREDICT-1 Study Team. HLA-B*5701 screening for hypersensitivity to abacavir. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:568-579.

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94.  Potthoff A, Brockmeyer NH, Gelbrich G, et al; Competence Center Cardiac Insufficiency and the Competence Network HIV/AIDS. Lipodystrophy: a sign for metabolic syndrome in patients of the HIV-HEART study. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8:92-98.

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95.  Falutz J, Mamputu JC, Potvin D, et al. Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with excess abdominal fat: a pooled analysis of two multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trials with safety extension data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:4291-4304.

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96.  Sheth SH, Larson RJ. The efficacy and safety of insulin-sensitizing drugs in HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:183.

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