HIV 感染时意识状态改变的原因包括:急性表现病症(常代表了 HIV 相关机会性感染或相关系统性疾病)和进展更快的(且常有既往病史记载)神经认知疾病或精神共病。特定 HIV 相关病症的患病率取决于免疫抑制程度(根据 CD4+ 计数进行评估)以及是否使用抗逆转录病毒药物联合治疗 (ART) 对基础 HIV 感染进行积极治疗。
HIV 治疗的疗效抗逆转录病毒药物可能直接诱发认知和精神问题,以副作用形式表现,或者间接通过对免疫系统的影响表现。非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂 (NNRTI) 依非韦伦可导致神经精神副作用的发生,特别是在治疗第一周时。[16]Blanch J, Martínez E, Rousaud A, et al. Preliminary data of a prospective study on neuropsychiatric side effects after initiation of efavirenz. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001 Aug 1;27(4):336-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11468421?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Hawkins T, Geist C, Young B, et al. Comparison of neuropsychiatric side effects in an observational cohort of efavirenz- and protease inhibitor-treated patients. HIV Clin Trials. 2005 Jul-Aug;6(4):187-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16214735?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Gazzard B, Balkin A, Hill A. Analysis of neuropsychiatric adverse events during clinical trials of efavirenz in antiretroviral-naive patients: a systematic review. AIDS Rev. 2010 Apr-Jun;12(2):67-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20571601?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Cavalcante GI, Capistrano VL, Cavalcante FS, et al. Implications of efavirenz for neuropsychiatry: a review. Int J Neurosci. 2010 Dec;120(12):739-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20964556?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Decloedt EH, Maartens G. Neuronal toxicity of efavirenz: a systematic review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2013 Nov;12(6):841-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23889591?tool=bestpractice.com 使用奈韦拉平、依曲韦林和利匹韦林等其他非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂药物时,类似的神经精神性副作用发生率显著更低。[21]Cohen CJ, Andrade-Villanueva J, Clotet B, et al; THRIVE Study Group. Rilpivirine versus efavirenz with two background nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors in treatment-naive adults infected with HIV-1 (THRIVE): a phase 3, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2011 Jul 16;378(9787):229-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21763935?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Katlama C, Haubrich R, Lalezari J, et al; DUET-1, DUET-2 Study Groups. Efficacy and safety of etravirine in treatment-experienced, HIV-1 patients: pooled 48 week analysis of two randomized, controlled trials. AIDS. 2009 Nov 13;23(17):2289-300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19710593?tool=bestpractice.com 整合酶抑制剂拉替拉韦与不常见的神经精神副作用有关,[23]Madeddu G, Menzaghi B, Ricci E, et al. Raltegravir central nervous system tolerability in clinical practice: results from a multicenter observational study. AIDS. 2012 Nov 28;26(18):2412-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23032413?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Harris M, Larsen G, Montaner JG. Exacerbation of depression associated with starting raltegravir: a report of four cases. AIDS. 2008 Sep 12;22(14):1890-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18753871?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Gray J, Young B. Acute onset insomnia associated with the initiation of raltegravir: a report of two cases and literature review. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2009 Sep;23(9):689-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19663717?tool=bestpractice.com 度鲁特韦可能与失眠和其他中枢神经系统作用有关。[26]Walmsley SL, Antela A, Clumeck N, et al; SINGLE Investigators. Dolutegravir plus abacavir-lamivudine for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2013 Nov 7;369(19):1807-18.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1215541#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24195548?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Lepik KJ, Yip B, Ulloa AC, et al. Adverse drug reactions to integrase strand transfer inhibitors. AIDS. 2018 Apr 24;32(7):903-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29424784?tool=bestpractice.com[28]van den Berk G, Oryszczyn J, Blok W, et al. Unexpectedly high rate of intolerance for dolutegravir in real life setting. Poster 948 presented at CROI 2016. February 2016 [internet publication].http://www.croiconference.org/sessions/unexpectedly-high-rate-intolerance-dolutegravir-real-life-setting接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的患者也可能出现免疫重建炎症综合征 (immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, IRIS),这是在 ART 治疗开始后最初几个月内,与 CD4+ 计数快速改善以及病毒载量下降有关的一种矛盾的临床状况恶化。IRIS 也可能是已恢复的免疫系统对传染源发生反应的一个后果,最常见的传染源是结核分枝杆菌或鸟分枝杆菌复合群,但是许多其他原因(例如,单纯疱疹病毒 [HSV]、水痘带状疱疹病毒 [VZV]、进行性多灶性白质脑病 [PML] 和刚地弓形虫)也是公认的触发因素。[29]Torok ME, Kambugu A, Wright E. Immune reconstitution disease of the central nervous system. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2008 Jul;3(4):438-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19373003?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,也曾详细报道过基础隐球菌感染引起的 IRIS。[30]Bicanic T, Meintjes G, Rebe K, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009 Jun 1;51(2):130-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19365271?tool=bestpractice.com
HIV 相关机会性感染 (OI) 可能是由晚期 HIV 感染免疫受损引起。上述疾病往往最常见于未接受治疗的 HIV 感染患者或对 ART 依从性较差的患者中。HIV 感染患者发生机会性感染的风险随着 CD4+ 计数的下降而增加,神经系统受累多见于 CD4+ 细胞计数<100 个细胞/mm³ 的患者中。常见的表现包括:
全身性合并症合并营养缺乏(例如,叶酸、维生素 B12、维生素 D)可能引起认知障碍。[31]The Mind Exchange Working Group. Assessment, diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): a consensus report of the Mind Exchange Program. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Apr;56(7):1004-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23175555?tool=bestpractice.com 晚期 HIV 感染患者发生缺血性脑卒中的风险增加。[32]Sico JJ, Chang CC, So-Armah K, et al; Veterans Aging Cohort Study. HIV status and the risk of ischemic stroke among men. Neurology. 2015 May 12;84(19):1933-40.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4433456/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25862803?tool=bestpractice.com 基础发病机制存在差异,包括继发于心脏病的脑栓子以及作为梅毒或苯丙胺/可卡因滥用后果的脑血管炎。合并丙型肝炎感染的 HIV 感染患者的认知障碍发生率更高。[31]The Mind Exchange Working Group. Assessment, diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): a consensus report of the Mind Exchange Program. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Apr;56(7):1004-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23175555?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Hinkin CH, Castellon SA, Levine AJ, et al. Neurocognition in individuals co-infected with HIV and hepatitis C. J Addict Dis. 2008;27(2):11-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18681187?tool=bestpractice.com
甲状腺病和性腺功能减退更常见于 HIV 患者,可能代表了 HIV 感染患者意识状态改变的潜在原因。[31]The Mind Exchange Working Group. Assessment, diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): a consensus report of the Mind Exchange Program. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Apr;56(7):1004-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23175555?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Nelson M, Powles T, Zeitlin A, et al. Thyroid dysfunction and relationship to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive individuals in the HAART era. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009 Jan 1;50(1):113-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092451?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Lortholary O, Christeff N, Casassus P, et al. Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Feb;81(2):791-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8636305?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Mayo J, Collazos J, Martínez E, et al. Adrenal function in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient. Arch Intern Med. 2002 May 27;162(10):1095-8.http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=211446http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12020177?tool=bestpractice.com
精神性并存病精神性共病在 HIV 感染患者中高度流行,可能引起认知困难。[31]The Mind Exchange Working Group. Assessment, diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): a consensus report of the Mind Exchange Program. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Apr;56(7):1004-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23175555?tool=bestpractice.com 其中包括:
抑郁。
酗酒和物质滥用疾病。
许多处方药物有认知影响,特别是具有抗胆碱能特性的药物和精神病治疗药物。[31]The Mind Exchange Working Group. Assessment, diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): a consensus report of the Mind Exchange Program. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Apr;56(7):1004-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23175555?tool=bestpractice.com