腘窝囊肿的形成归因于潜在膝盖病变,包括外伤、关节炎或感染(脓毒性关节炎)。 这些病因会造成膝关节渗液,从而导致腘窝囊肿的形成。 报告显示,内侧半月板损伤、软骨病变以及前交叉韧带撕裂是造成腘窝囊肿的最常见的外伤原因。[6]Sansone V, De Ponti A. Arthroscopic treatment of popliteal cyst and associated intra-articular knee disorders in adults. Arthroscopy. 1999 May;15(4):368-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10355711?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Stone KR, Stoller D, De Carli A, et al. The frequency of Baker's cysts associated with meniscal tears. Am J Sports Med. 1996 Sep-Oct;24(5):670-1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8883690?tool=bestpractice.com研究发现,94% 的腘窝囊肿与关节内病变有关。[6]Sansone V, De Ponti A. Arthroscopic treatment of popliteal cyst and associated intra-articular knee disorders in adults. Arthroscopy. 1999 May;15(4):368-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10355711?tool=bestpractice.com 半月板撕裂可能是最常见的关节内病变,在出现腘窝囊肿的 238 个膝关节中,有 170 个出现了半月板撕裂的情况。[7]Stone KR, Stoller D, De Carli A, et al. The frequency of Baker's cysts associated with meniscal tears. Am J Sports Med. 1996 Sep-Oct;24(5):670-1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8883690?tool=bestpractice.com 但一份报告指出其与软骨病变有更强的相关性。[8]Rupp S, Seil R, Jochum P, et al. Popliteal cysts in adults. Prevalence, associated intraarticular lesions, and results after arthroscopic treatment. Am J Sports Med. 2002 Jan-Feb;30(1):112-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11799006?tool=bestpractice.com
与腘窝囊肿有关的关节炎病因包括类风湿性关节炎和骨关节炎。 [9]Andonopoulos AP, Yarmenitis S, Sfountouris H, et al. Baker's cyst in rheumatoid arthritis: an ultrasonographic study with a high resolution technique. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995 Sep-Oct;13(5):633-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8575143?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Chatzopoulos D, Moralidis E, Markou P, et al. Baker's cysts in knees with chronic osteoarthritic pain: a clinical, ultrasonographic, radiographic and scintigraphic evaluation. Rheumatol Int. 2008 Dec;29(2):141-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18584176?tool=bestpractice.com 对连续 99 例未作筛选的类风湿关节炎患者进行了临床和实验室评估,双膝 X 光片和超声检查发现有 47 例 (47.5%) 存在腘窝囊肿。[9]Andonopoulos AP, Yarmenitis S, Sfountouris H, et al. Baker's cyst in rheumatoid arthritis: an ultrasonographic study with a high resolution technique. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995 Sep-Oct;13(5):633-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8575143?tool=bestpractice.com 类风湿关节炎的临床和影像学表现与腘窝囊肿的发生具有密切相关性。 报告显示,一些感染性关节炎病因会造成腘窝囊肿,包括结核、球孢子菌病、念珠菌病和布氏菌病。[11]Kulshrestha A, Misra RN, Agarwal P, et al. Magnetic resonance appearance of tuberculosis of the knee joint with ruptured Baker's cyst. Australas Radiol. 1995 Feb;39(1):80-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7695537?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Wascher DC, Hartman GP, Salka C, et al. Coccidiomycosis presenting as a popliteal cyst. Arthroscopy. 1998 Jan-Feb;14(1):99-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9486343?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Cuende E, Barbadillo C, E-Mazzucchelli R, et al. Candida arthritis in adult patients who are not intravenous drug addicts: report of three cases and review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1993 Feb;22(4):224-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8484130?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Blanco R, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Varela J, et al. Baker's cyst as a clinical presentation of brucellosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1996 May;22(5):872-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8722961?tool=bestpractice.com 这些关节感染会造成滑膜炎和关节内压力增加。 腘窝囊肿的另一个原因是色素绒毛结节性滑膜炎。[15]Tosti R, Kelly JD 4th. Pigmented villonodular synovitis presenting as a baker cyst. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2011 Oct;40(10):528-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22263199?tool=bestpractice.com