诊断基于病史,包括分娩和任何外伤或臀部摔伤。体格检查包括骶骨和尾骨的触诊和直肠检查。其他检查包括影像学检查,包括动态的骶尾部侧位X线片及骶尾部MRI。
病史
可能是创伤后(60%至70%)或特发性的。[2]Maigne JY, Doursounian L, Chatellier G. Causes and mechanisms of common coccydynia: role of body mass index and coccygeal trauma. Spine. 2000;25:3072-3079.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11145819?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Kim NH, Suk KS. Clinical and radiological differences between traumatic and idiopathic coccygodynia. Yonsei Med J. 1999;40:215-220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10412331?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Peyton FW. Coccygodynia in women. Indiana Med. 1988;81:697-698.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3171154?tool=bestpractice.com常有创伤或分娩病史,在事件发生之后与症状出现之间有一段潜伏期。男女发病比例为5比1,肥胖被认为是尾骨痛发病的重要风险因素。[2]Maigne JY, Doursounian L, Chatellier G. Causes and mechanisms of common coccydynia: role of body mass index and coccygeal trauma. Spine. 2000;25:3072-3079.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11145819?tool=bestpractice.com
患者通常主诉尾骨的撕裂性疼痛(针刺样或刺骨的),疼痛或钻痛,对日常活动有显著影响。可能于坐位,坐立交换时,偶于排便或性生活时加重。疼痛可放射至骶椎和腰椎,偶尔放射至大腿后部。
急性尾骨痛定义为症状<2个月,而慢性尾骨痛定义为症状≥2个月。
体格检查
视诊,尾骨痛患者可坐在自己的手上或抬高臀部来避免压力作用在骶部(被称为“保护性的”)。
体检可发现尾骨外部压痛或直肠触诊可发现尾骨有活动。直肠检查通常表现尾骨尖触诊压痛,或尾骨过度活动,或两者都有。也可出现盆底肌肉痉挛或压痛。
在尾骨背侧面注射甲强龙和布比卡因试验性的治疗可以帮助区分真性尾骨痛与牵涉痛(假性尾骨痛),结果通常是症状快速缓解。
实验室研究
实验室检查通常无明显特异性;然而,WBC、ESR可能在盆腔感染或炎症条件下升高,如果怀疑有上述问题应该进行检查,会阴区的红肿可作为证据。
影像学检查
所有患者都应查骶尾部的站立位和坐位的侧位X光片。这可以显示尾骨的形态。尾骨有四种形态:I型(正常,略弯曲向前,约占人群的68%),II型(向前屈曲90度),III型(呈锐角),和IV型(半脱位)。[13]Postacchini F, Massobrio M. Idiopathic coccygodynia: analysis of fifty-one operative cases and a radiographic study of the normal coccyx. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983;65:1116-1124.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6226668?tool=bestpractice.com尾骨痛的患者中,I型较少见,而III型和IV型多见。[13]Postacchini F, Massobrio M. Idiopathic coccygodynia: analysis of fifty-one operative cases and a radiographic study of the normal coccyx. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983;65:1116-1124.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6226668?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 创伤后慢性尾骨痛患者骶尾侧位X线可见骶尾部骨性融合(正常变异)和co1-co2向前半脱位来源于Dr R.Schrot的个人采集 [Citation ends].患者也有可能有骶髂关节融合(尾骨痛患者融合率为51%,无尾骨痛的人有37%融合率)。[13]Postacchini F, Massobrio M. Idiopathic coccygodynia: analysis of fifty-one operative cases and a radiographic study of the normal coccyx. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983;65:1116-1124.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6226668?tool=bestpractice.com
动态骶尾侧位片用于比较站立和疼痛时的坐位。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 慢性特发性尾骨痛患者的动态骶髂侧位X线可见于站立位时向前屈曲30度来源于Dr R.Schrot的个人采集 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 慢性特发性尾骨痛患者的动态骶髂侧位X线可见于坐位时向前屈曲30度来源于Dr R.Schrot的个人采集 [Citation ends].向后半脱位和过度活动(骶尾部或尾骨间的角度≥20度)可作为影像学不稳定的依据,约占尾骨痛患者的70%。[10]Maigne JY, Guedj S, Straus C. Idiopathic coccygodynia. Lateral roentgenograms in the sitting position and coccygeal discography. Spine. 1994;19:930-934.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8009351?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Maigne JY, Lagauche D, Doursounian L. Instability of the coccyx in coccydynia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 2000;82-B:1038-1041.http://bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/jbjsbr/82-B/7/1038.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11041598?tool=bestpractice.com影像学不稳定在创伤性尾骨痛和特发性尾骨痛中分别占56%和53%。[2]Maigne JY, Doursounian L, Chatellier G. Causes and mechanisms of common coccydynia: role of body mass index and coccygeal trauma. Spine. 2000;25:3072-3079.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11145819?tool=bestpractice.com其他病变包括向前半脱位和尾骨尖背侧的骨刺(分别占尾骨痛的5%和14%)。[14]Maigne JY, Lagauche D, Doursounian L. Instability of the coccyx in coccydynia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 2000;82-B:1038-1041.http://bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/jbjsbr/82-B/7/1038.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11041598?tool=bestpractice.com
所有患者建议行腰骶部增强MRI来鉴别骨性解剖结构是否正常和排除少见的尾骨痛病因,如脓肿或肿瘤。[15]Jeys L, Gibbins R, Evans G, et al. Sacral chordoma: a diagnosis not to be sat on? Int Orthop. 2008;32:269-272.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2269011/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17205349?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Jaiswal A, Shetty AP, Rajasekaran S. Precoccygeal epidermal inclusion cyst presenting as coccygodynia. Singapore Med J. 2008;49:e212-e214.http://smj.sma.org.sg/4908/4908cr6.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18756336?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Coco C, Manno A, Mattana C, et al. Congenital tumors of the retrorectal space in the adult: report of two cases and review of the literature. Tumori. 2008;94:602-607.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18822703?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Gabra H, Jesudadon EC, McDowell HP, et al. Sacrococcygeal teratoma - a 25-year experience in a UK regional center. J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41:1513-1516.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16952583?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Lath R, Rajshekhar V, Chacko G. Sacral haemangioma as a cause of coccydynia. Neuroradiology, 1998;40:524-526.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9763343?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Keslar PJ, Buck JL, Suarez ES. Germ cell tumors of the sacrococcygeal region: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 1994;14:607-620.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8066275?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Kinnett JG, Root L. An obscure cause of coccygodynia. Case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61:299.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/422621?tool=bestpractice.com
在判断骨性结构是否正常时CT要优于MRI。急性骨盆创伤患者应行CT检查,同时在评估转移瘤时CT可作为MRI的补充。