高甘油三酯血症有可能是原发或继发的。 这些情况是由升高的极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL),或降低的极低密度脂蛋白清除造成的,或是由二者共同造成的。
原发的原因是遗传性代谢紊乱,包括家族性高甘油三酯血症(IV和V型),家族混合型血脂异常(IIb和IV型),多基因性高胆固醇血症(IIb型),以及宽β脂蛋白病(III型)。
常见的继发性病因包括肥胖;[13]Hubert HB, Feinleb M, McNamara PM, et al. Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: A 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1983 May;67(5):968-77.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/67/5/968.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6219830?tool=bestpractice.com 糖尿病;[14]Zavaroni I, Dall'Aglio E, Alpi O, et al. Evidence for an independent relationship between insulin and concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride. Atherosclerosis. 1985 Jun;55(3):259-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3893447?tool=bestpractice.com 脂肪营养不良(包括代谢综合征);甲状腺功能减退症;[15]Tsimihodimos V, Bairaktari E, Tzallas C, et al. The incidence of thyroid function abnormalities in patients attending and outpatient lipids clinic. Thyroid. 1999 Apr;9(4):365-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10319942?tool=bestpractice.com 肾病(包括肾病综合征和透析);[16]Avram MM, Fein PA, Antignani A, et al. Cholesterol and lipid disturbances in renal disease: the natural history of uremic dyslipidemia and the impact of hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Med. 1989 Nov;87(5N):55-60N.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2486549?tool=bestpractice.com 肝脏疾病(包括非酒精性脂肪变性和病毒性肝炎);[17]Donnelly KL, Smith CI, Schwartzenberg SJ, et al. Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest. 2005 May;115(5):1343-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15864352?tool=bestpractice.com 囊性纤维化;[18]Alves C de A, Lima DS. Cystic fibrosis-related dyslipidemia. J Bras Pneumol. 2008 Oct;34(10):829-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19009217?tool=bestpractice.com 和 HIV 感染。[19]SoRelle R. Vascular and lipid syndromes in selected HIV-infected patients. Circulation. 1998 Sep 1;98(9):829-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9738633?tool=bestpractice.com 与代谢综合征有关的血脂水平特征是甘油三酯升高(>200 mg/dL 或 2.3 mmol/L)和血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平降低(<40 mg/dL 或 1.04 mmol/L)。这种血脂水平被称为致动脉粥样硬化性血脂异常表型,可能与某些基因的变异有关,这些基因的产物可影响血浆甘油三酯水平,包括编码脂蛋白脂酶以及与该酶相互作用蛋白的基因,例如载脂蛋白 (apo) A-V、载脂蛋白 C III 以及血管生成素样蛋白 3 和 4 基因。[20]Dron J, Hegele RA. Genetics of triglycerides and the risk of atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2017 Jul;19(7):31.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5440481/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28534127?tool=bestpractice.com
不太常见的继发性病因包括:急性脊髓损伤;[21]Apstein MD, George BC. Serum lipids during the first year following acute spinal cord injury. Metabolism. 1998 Apr;47(4):367-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9550531?tool=bestpractice.com 神经性厌食症;过量饮酒(包括急性和慢性);[22]Zakim D, Alexander D, Sleisenger MH. The effect of ethanol on hepatic excretion of triglycerides into plasma. J Clin Invest. 1965;44:1115. 库欣综合征;器官移植;[23]Markell MS, Friedman EA. Hyperlipidemia after organ transplantation. Am J Med. 1989 Nov;87(5N):61-67N.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2486550?tool=bestpractice.com 结节病;[24]Salazar A, Mana J, Pinto X, et al. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in patients with active sarcoidosis. Atherosclerosis. 1998 Jan;136(1):133-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9580477?tool=bestpractice.com 系统性红斑狼疮;以及骨髓瘤。
诱发药物可能包括糖皮质激素、雌激素、[25]Love RR, Wiebe DA, Newcomb PA, et al. Effects of tamoxifen on cardiovascular risk factors in women. Ann Intern Med. 1991 Dec 1;115(11):860-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1952472?tool=bestpractice.com 13-顺维甲酸(商品名:Accutane)、一些降压药(氢氯噻嗪和非选择性 β-受体阻滞剂)、[26]Lardinois CK, Neuman SL. The effect of antihypertensive agents on lipids and lipoproteins. Arch Intern Med. 1988 Jun;148(6):1280-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2897834?tool=bestpractice.com 抗逆转录病毒治疗、[27]Italian Registry of Antiretroviral Post-exposure Prophylaxis. Effects of short course of antiretroviral agents on serum triglycerides of healthy individuals. AIDS. 2000 Oct 20;14(15):2407-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11089633?tool=bestpractice.com 干扰素、[28]Garg A, Simha V. Update on dyslipidemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 May;92(5):1581-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17483372?tool=bestpractice.com 和考来维仑 (colesevelam)。[29]Aggarwal S, Loomba RS, Arora RR. Efficacy of colesevelam on lowering glycemia and lipids. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2012 Feb;59(2):198-205.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21983746?tool=bestpractice.com 贝沙罗汀(一种维甲酸)可导致高达 80% 的患者出现高甘油三酯血症。他莫昔芬可以增加甘油三酯,但是降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。有散在病例报告显示严重的高甘油三酯血症与天门冬酰胺酶、卡培他滨和丙泊酚有关。