Kumar N. Neurologic presentations of nutritional deficiencies. Neurol Clin. 2010 Feb;28(1):107-70.
Mitchell AJ. A meta-analysis of the accuracy of the mini-mental state examination in the detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Psychiatr Res. 2009 Jan;43(4):411-31.
Woolley JD, Khan BK, Murthy NK, et al. The diagnostic challenge of psychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative disease: rates of and risk factors for prior psychiatric diagnosis in patients with early neurodegenerative disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;72(2):126-33.
Hort J, O'Brien JT, Gainotti G, et al. EFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Oct;17(10):1236-48.
Ross GW, Bowen JD. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia. Med Clin N Am. 2002 May;86(3):455-76.
van der Flier WM, Scheltens P. Use of laboratory and imaging investigations in dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;76(suppl 5):v45-52.
Prabhakar VK, Shalet SM. Aetiology, diagnosis and management of hypopituitarism in adult life. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Apr;82(966):259-66.
1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
2. Cummings JL, Benson DF. Dementia: a clinical approach. 2nd ed. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1992.
3. Thal LJ, Grundman M, Klauber MR. Dementia: characteristics of a referral population and factors associated with progression. Neurology. 1988 Jul;38(7):1083-90.
4. Corey-Bloom J, Thal LJ, Galasko D, et al. Diagnosis and evaluation of dementia. Neurology. 1995 Feb;45(2):211-8.
5. Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies; report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology. 1993;43:250-260.
6. Clarfield AM. The reversible dementias: do they reverse? Ann Intern Med. 1988 Sep 15;109(6):476-86.
7. Kelley RE, Minagar A. Memory complaints and dementia. Med Clin North Am. 2009 Mar;93(2):389-406, ix.
8. Roberts JL, Clare L, Woods RT. Subjective memory complaints and awareness of memory functioning in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;28(2):95-109.
9. Petersen RC, Negash S. Mild cognitive impairment: an overview. CNS Spectr. 2008 Jan;13(1):45-53.
10. Pendlebury ST, Rothwell PM. Prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with pre-stroke and post-stroke dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2009 Nov;8(11):1006-18.
11. Jellinger KA. Head injury and dementia. Curr Opin Neurol. 2004 Dec;17(6):719-23.
12. Nordström A, Nordström P. Traumatic brain injury and the risk of dementia diagnosis: a nationwide cohort study. PLoS Med. 2018 Jan 30;15(1):e1002496.
13. Spero M, Lazibat I. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: case report and review of the literature. Acta Clin Croat. 2010 Jun;49(2):181-7.
14. Fox C, Smith T, Maidment I, et al. Effect of medications with anti-cholinergic properties on cognitive function, delirium, physical function and mortality: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2014 Sep;43(5):604-15.
15. Burns A, Gallagley A, Byrne J. Delirium. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;75(3):362-7.
16. Hokkanen L, Launes J. Neuropsychological sequelae of acute-onset sporadic viral encephalitis. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2007 Aug-Oct;17(4-5):450-77.
17. Kumar N. Neurologic presentations of nutritional deficiencies. Neurol Clin. 2010 Feb;28(1):107-70.
18. Attupurath R, Menon RC, Nair SV, et al. Late-life depression. Ann Long Term Care Clin Care Aging. 2008;16(suppl):21-9.
19. Fletcher K. Dementia. In: Capezuti E, Zwicker D, Mezey M, et al. (eds). Evidence-based geriatric nursing protocols for best practice. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company; 2008:83-109.
20. Braes T, Milisen K, Foreman MD. Assessing cognitive function. In: Capezuti E, Zwicker D, Mezey M, et al. (eds). Evidence-based geriatric nursing protocols for best practice. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company; 2008:41-56.
21. APA Work Group on Alzheimer's Disease and other Dementias, Rabins PV, Blacker D, Rovner BW, et al. American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, second edition. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Dec;164(12 Suppl):5-56.
22. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. September 2016 [internet publication].
23. Fleming KC, Adams AC, Petersen RC. Dementia: diagnosis and evaluation. Mayo Clin Proc. 1995 Nov;70(11):1093-107.
24. Rodakowski J, Skidmore ER, Reynolds CF 3rd, et al. Can performance on daily activities discriminate between older adults with normal cognitive function and those with mild cognitive impairment? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Jul;62(7):1347-52.
25. Klingelhofer LR. Delirium, psychosis and dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Aktuelle Neurologie. 2011;38:303-08.
26. Petersen RC, Mokri B, Laws ER Jr. Surgical treatment of idiopathic hydrocephalus in elderly patients. Neurology. 1985 Mar;35(3):307-11.
27. Graff-Radford NR, Godersky JC, Jones MP. Variables predicting surgical outcome in symptomatic hydrocephalus in the elderly. Neurology. 1989 Dec;39(12):1601-4.
28. Mulrow CD, Feussner JR, Williams BC, et al. The value of clinical findings in the detection of normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Gerontol. 1987 May;42(3):277-9.
29. Siu AL. Screening for dementia and investigating its causes. Ann Intern Med. 1991 Jul 15;115(2):122-32.
30. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975 Nov;12(3):189-98.
31. Tsoi KK, Chan JY, Hirai HW, et al. Cognitive tests to detect dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Sep;175(9):1450-8.
32. Mitchell AJ. A meta-analysis of the accuracy of the mini-mental state examination in the detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Psychiatr Res. 2009 Jan;43(4):411-31.
33. Peters R, Pinto EM. Predictive value of the Clock Drawing Test. A review of the literature. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2008;26(4):351-5.
34. Castilla-Rilo J, López-Arrieta J, Bermejo-Pareja F, et al. Instrumental activities of daily living in the screening of dementia in population studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;22(9):829-36.
35. Holsinger T, Deveau J, Boustani M, et al. Does this patient have dementia? JAMA. 2007 Jun 6;297(21):2391-404.
36. Wolfs CA, Dirksen CD, Kessels A, et al. Economic evaluation of an integrated diagnostic approach for psychogeriatric patients: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Mar;66(3):313-23.
37. Appels BA, Scherder E. The diagnostic accuracy of dementia-screening instruments with an administration time of 10 to 45 minutes for use in secondary care: a systematic review. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2010 Jun;25(4):301-16.
38. Seitz DP, Chan CC, Newton HT, et al. Mini-Cog for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias within a primary care setting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;(2):CD011415.
39. Teng E, Becker BW, Woo E, et al. Utility of the functional activities questionnaire for distinguishing mild cognitive impairment from very mild Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2010 Oct-Dec;24(4):348-53.
40. Merello M, Sabe L, Teson A, et al. Extrapyramidalism in Alzheimer's disease: prevalence, psychiatric, and neuropsychological correlates. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994 Dec;57(12):1503-9.
41. Huff FJ, Belle SH, Shim YK, et al. Prevalence and prognostic value of neurologic abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. Dementia. 1990;1:32-40.
42. Gates GA, Karzon RK, Garcia P, et al. Auditory dysfunction in aging and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Arch Neurol. 1995 Jun;52(6):626-34.
43. Oppenheim G. The earliest signs of Alzheimer's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1994 Apr-Jun;7(2):116-20.
44. Cummings JL, Miller B, Hill MA, et al. Neuropsychiatric aspects of multi-infarct dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch Neurol. 1987 Apr;44(4):389-93.
45. Tampi RR, van Dyck CH, et al. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. In: Sun MK (ed). Research progress in Alzheimer's disease and dementia (Vol 2). Hauppauge, NY: Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Nova Publishers; 2006:251-72.
46. Mathias JL, Morphett K. Neurobehavioral differences between Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia: a meta-analysis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010 Aug;32(7):682-98.
47. Ivnik RJ, Malec JF, Smith GE, et al. Mayo's older American normative studies. Clin Neuropsychol. 1992;6(Suppl):83-104.
48. Silva MT, Laks J, Engelhardt E. Neuropsychological tests and driving in dementia: a review of the recent literature. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2009 Jul-Aug;55(4):484-8.
49. Larson EB, Reifler BV, Sumi SM, Canfield CG, Chinn NM. Diagnostic tests in the evaluation of dementia: a prospective study of 200 elderly outpatients. Arch Intern Med. 1986 Oct;146(10):1917-22.
50. Knopman DS, DeKosky ST, Cummings JL, et al. Practice parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review) - report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001 May 8;56(9):1143-53.
51. Hejl AM, Hogh P, Waldemar G. Potentially reversible conditions in 1000 consecutive memory clinic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:390-394.
52. Scheltens P, Fox N, Barkhof F, et al. Structural magnetic resonance imaging in the practical assessment of dementia: beyond exclusion. Lancet Neurol. 2002;1:13-21.
53. Dormont D, Seidenwurm DJ; Expert Panel on Neurologic Imaging; American College of Radiology. Dementia and movement disorders. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008 Jan;29(1):204-6.
54. Yuan Y, Gu ZX, Wei WS. Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography, single-photon emission tomography, and structural MR imaging for prediction of rapid conversion to Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009 Feb;30(2):404-10.
55. Jagust WJ. Amyloid imaging: coming to a PET scanner near you. Ann Neurol. 2010 Sep;68(3):277-8.
56. Zhang S, Han D, Tan X, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 18 F-FDG and 11 C-PIB-PET for prediction of short-term conversion to Alzheimer's disease in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Int J Clin Pract. 2012 Feb;66(2):185-98.
57. Martinez G, Vernooij RWM, Fuentes Padilla P, et al. 18F PET with florbetapir for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(11):CD012216.
58. Martinez G, Vernooij RWM, Fuentes Padilla P, et al. 18F PET with florbetaben for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(11):CD012883.
59. Martínez G, Vernooij RW, Fuentes Padilla P, et al. 18F PET with flutemetamol for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 22;(11):CD012884.
60. Tarnaris A, Kitchen ND, Watkins LD. Noninvasive biomarkers in normal pressure hydrocephalus: evidence for the role of neuroimaging. J Neurosurg. 2009 May;110(5):837-51.
61. Pennington C, Chohan G, Mackenzie J, et al. The role of cerebrospinal fluid proteins as early diagnostic markers for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurosci Lett. 2009 May 8;455(1):56-9.
62. Diniz BS, Pinto Júnior JA, Forlenza OV. Do CSF total tau, phosphorylated tau, and beta-amyloid 42 help to predict progression of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2008;9(3):172-82.
63. Monge-Argiles JA, Sanchez-Paya J, Munoz-Ruiz C, et al. Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of their predictive capacity for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. [Spanish]. Rev Neurol. 2010 Feb 16-28;50(4):193-200.
64. Ritchie C, Smailagic N, Noel-Storr AH, et al. CSF tau and the CSF tau/ABeta ratio for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(3):CD010803.
65. Mitchell AJ, Meader N, Pentzek M. Clinical recognition of dementia and cognitive impairment in primary care: a meta-analysis of physician accuracy. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011 Sep;124(3):165-83.
66. Woolley JD, Khan BK, Murthy NK, et al. The diagnostic challenge of psychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative disease: rates of and risk factors for prior psychiatric diagnosis in patients with early neurodegenerative disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;72(2):126-33.
67. Hort J, O'Brien JT, Gainotti G, et al. EFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Oct;17(10):1236-48.
68. Galvin JE, Sadowsky CH, NINCDS-ADRDA. Practical guidelines for the recognition and diagnosis of dementia. J Am Board Fam Med. 2012 May-Jun;25(3):367-82.
69. Goldman JS, Hahn SE, Catania JW, et al. Genetic counseling and testing for Alzheimer disease: joint practice guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and the National Society of Genetic Counselors. Genet Med. 2011 Jun;13(6):597-605.
70. Montine TJ, Phelps CH, Beach TG, et al. National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease: a practical approach. Acta Neuropathol. 2012 Jan;123(1):1-11.
71. Feldman HH, Jacova C, Mild cognitive impairment, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005 Aug;13(8):645-55.
72. Ross GW, Bowen JD. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia. Med Clin N Am. 2002 May;86(3):455-76.
73. Cummings JL. Amnesia, paramnesia, and confabulation. Clinical neuropsychiatry. Orlando, FL: Grune and Stratton; 1985;36-47.
74. Bowen J, Teri L, Kukull W, et al. Progression to dementia in patients with isolated memory loss. Lancet. 1997;349:763-5.
76. Benson DF. Aphasia, alexia, and agraphia. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1979.
77. Ross GW, Cummings JL, Benson DF. Speech and language alterations in dementia syndromes: characteristics and treatment. Aphasiology. 1990;4:339-52.
78. Gosche KM, Mortimer JA, Smith CD, et al. Hippocampal volume as an index of Alzheimer neuropathology: findings from the Nun study. Neurology. 2002 May 28;58(10):1476-82.
79. Jack CR Jr, Petersen RC, Xu YC, et al. Medial temporal atrophy on MRI in normal aging and very mild Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1997 Sep;49(3):786-94.
80. van der Flier WM, Scheltens P. Use of laboratory and imaging investigations in dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;76(suppl 5):v45-52.
81. Neary D, Snowden JS, Gustafson L, et al. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology. 1998 Dec;51(6):1546-54.
82. McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2017 Jul 4;89(1):88-100.
83. Lindau M, Almkvist O, Kushi J, et al. First symptoms - frontotemporal dementia versus Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2000 Sep-Oct;11(5):286-93.
84. Clarke CE. Parkinson's disease. BMJ. 2007 Sep 1;335(7617):441-5.
85. Montoya A, Price BH, Menear M, et al. Brain imaging and cognitive dysfunctions in Huntington's disease. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2006 Jan;31(1):21-9.
86. DeAngelis LM. Brain tumors. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jan 11;344(2):114-23.
87. Orth DN. Cushing's syndrome [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1527]. N Engl J Med. 1995 Mar 23;332(12):791-803.
88. Prabhakar VK, Shalet SM. Aetiology, diagnosis and management of hypopituitarism in adult life. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Apr;82(966):259-66.
90. Thadani H, Deacon A, Peters T. Diagnosis and management of porphyria. BMJ. 2000 Jun 17;320(7250):1647-51.
91. Ryder SD, Beckingham IJ. ABC of diseases of liver pancreas and biliary system. Other causes of parenchymal liver disease. BMJ. 2001 Feb 3;322(7281):290-2.
92. Roberts EA, Schilsky ML. A practice guideline on Wilson disease. Hepatology. 2003 Jun;37(6):1475-92.
93. French P. Syphilis. BMJ. 2007 Jan 20;334(7585):143-7.
94. Spach DH, Liles WC, Campbell GL, et al. Tick-borne diseases in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 23;329(13):936-47.
95. Thwaite GE. The diagnosis and management of tuberculous meningitis. Pract Neurol. 2002;2:250-61.
96. Carsons S. A review and update of Sjogren's syndrome: manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Am J Manag Care. 2001 Sep;7(14 Suppl):S433-43.
97. Brennan MT, Sankar V, Leakan RA, at al. Risk factors for positive minor salivary gland biopsy findings in Sjogren's syndrome and dry mouth patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Apr 15;47(2):189-95.
98. Newman LS, Rose CS, Maier LA. Sarcoidosis [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 1997;337:139]. N Engl J Med. 1997 Apr 24;336(17):1224-34.
使用此内容应接受我们的免责声明。
BMJ临床实践的持续改进离不开您的帮助和反馈。如果您发现任何功能问题和内容错误,或您对BMJ临床实践有任何疑问或建议,请您扫描右侧二维码并根据页面指导填写您的反馈和联系信息*。一旦您的建议在我们核实后被采纳,您将会收到一份小礼品。
如果您有紧急问题需要我们帮助,请您联系我们。
邮箱:bmjchina.support@bmj.com
电话:+86 10 64100686-612
*您的联系信息仅会用于我们与您确认反馈信息和礼品事宜。
BMJ临床实践官方反馈平台