玫瑰糠疹 (PR) 表现为急性、自限性、炎症性出疹,特征是单发的、较大的前驱斑,继发较小的椭圆形丘疹鳞屑性病变。通常根据临床病史和发现作出诊断,但是在部分患者中,可能需要进行皮肤活检和/或另外的血清学检查来确诊。
临床特征
病变主要出现在躯干和上肢。[9]Chuh A, Chan H, Zawar V. Pityriasis rosea - evidence for and against an infectious aetiology. Epidemiol Infect. 2004;132:381-390.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15188706?tool=bestpractice.com虽然较少见,但可累及面部、手掌和足底,且更常见于儿童。[3]Trager JD. What's your diagnosis? Scaly pubic plaques in a 2-year-old girl - or in an "inverse" rash. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2007;20:109-111.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17418397?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Chuh A, Lee A, Zawar V, et al. Pityriasis rosea - an update. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2005;71:311-315.http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2005;volume=71;issue=5;spage=311;epage=315;aulast=Chuhhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16394453?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Chuh A, Chan H, Zawar V. Pityriasis rosea - evidence for and against an infectious aetiology. Epidemiol Infect. 2004;132:381-390.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15188706?tool=bestpractice.com在 40%-76% 的病例中可见特有的“前驱斑”[4]Chuh A, Lee A, Zawar V, et al. Pityriasis rosea - an update. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2005;71:311-315.http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2005;volume=71;issue=5;spage=311;epage=315;aulast=Chuhhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16394453?tool=bestpractice.com是最大的病变,并且最先出现,常发于躯干。它首先是单个丘疹,然后扩展为淡红色的椭圆形红斑片或斑块,直径可达 10cm。通常凸起的边界内含游离缘(环状领)[7]Gonzalez LM, Allen R, Janniger CK, et al. Pityriasis rosea: an important papulosquamous disorder. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44:757-764.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135147?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Chuh A, Chan H, Zawar V. Pityriasis rosea - evidence for and against an infectious aetiology. Epidemiol Infect. 2004;132:381-390.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15188706?tool=bestpractice.com和中央鳞屑。[3]Trager JD. What's your diagnosis? Scaly pubic plaques in a 2-year-old girl - or in an "inverse" rash. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2007;20:109-111.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17418397?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 前驱斑在上身躯干的典型分布来自 Daniela Kroshinsky(医学博士和公共卫生硕士)的个人资料;经许可后使用 [Citation ends].偶尔可见多个前驱斑。在 7-10 天之后继发小的椭圆形丘疹鳞屑性病变,但曾有报道显示可延迟至84 天之后。[4]Chuh A, Lee A, Zawar V, et al. Pityriasis rosea - an update. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2005;71:311-315.http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2005;volume=71;issue=5;spage=311;epage=315;aulast=Chuhhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16394453?tool=bestpractice.com这些椭圆形病变的长轴与躯干上的皮纹(“Langer线”)方向一致,形成以脊柱为树干的树枝型分布,[3]Trager JD. What's your diagnosis? Scaly pubic plaques in a 2-year-old girl - or in an "inverse" rash. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2007;20:109-111.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17418397?tool=bestpractice.com在胸部和上背部呈 V 形分布,在肩部和臀部呈环形分布,在躯干下部呈水平分布。[7]Gonzalez LM, Allen R, Janniger CK, et al. Pityriasis rosea: an important papulosquamous disorder. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44:757-764.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135147?tool=bestpractice.com75% 的患者出现瘙痒,[7]Gonzalez LM, Allen R, Janniger CK, et al. Pityriasis rosea: an important papulosquamous disorder. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44:757-764.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135147?tool=bestpractice.com其中 50% 的患者为中度至重度瘙痒。[9]Chuh A, Chan H, Zawar V. Pityriasis rosea - evidence for and against an infectious aetiology. Epidemiol Infect. 2004;132:381-390.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15188706?tool=bestpractice.com
在小部分的病例中 (5%)可有前驱症状,包括发热、不适、头痛和关节痛。[2]Dyer JA. Childhood viral exanthems. Pediatr Ann. 2007;36:21-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17269280?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Trager JD. What's your diagnosis? Scaly pubic plaques in a 2-year-old girl - or in an "inverse" rash. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2007;20:109-111.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17418397?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Gonzalez LM, Allen R, Janniger CK, et al. Pityriasis rosea: an important papulosquamous disorder. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44:757-764.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135147?tool=bestpractice.com因为可出现复发,所以可有 PR 既往史。[9]Chuh A, Chan H, Zawar V. Pityriasis rosea - evidence for and against an infectious aetiology. Epidemiol Infect. 2004;132:381-390.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15188706?tool=bestpractice.com
皮肤活检和组织病理学检查
皮肤活检可被用于确认非典型或易混淆的病例,以及排除其他诊断。组织病理学评估将显示浅表血管周围的淋巴组织细胞浸润,伴有局灶性海绵水肿、成堆状的局灶性角化不全、角质形成细胞角化不良、真皮乳头水肿、可能的真皮嗜酸性粒细胞和红细胞外渗。[7]Gonzalez LM, Allen R, Janniger CK, et al. Pityriasis rosea: an important papulosquamous disorder. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44:757-764.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135147?tool=bestpractice.com
其他实验室检查
如果疑有感染性病因,例如发热、不适和咽喉痛,可检测抗链球菌溶血素 O 滴度,以排除链球菌感染和/或点滴状银屑病。如果仅出现少数几处病变,可以氢氧化钾 (KOH) 制备的显微镜检查或真菌培养,以排除真菌感染,如癣。在特定的个体中,应考虑进行苍白螺旋体的血清学检查。这包括有患二期梅毒风险的患者,以及有非典型病变或累及掌跖的患者。[14]Chuh AA, Molinari N, Sciallis G, et al. Temporal case clustering in pityriasis rosea: a regression analysis on 1379 patients in Minnesota, Kuwait, and Diyarbakir, Turkey. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:767-771.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/395163http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15967925?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Cooper M. Diseases of the epidermis: pityriasis rosea, lichen planus, keratosis pilaris. Dermatol Nurs. 2005;17:457-458.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16463931?tool=bestpractice.com