呼吸性碱中毒是一种全身性酸碱失衡疾病,其特征是动脉血二氧化碳分压 (PaCO2) 原发性降低,从而导致 PH 值升高,且作为缓冲机制的碳酸氢盐 (HCO3-) 浓度随之下降。[1]Arbus GS, Herbert LA, Levesque PR, et al. Characterization and clinical application of the "significance band" for acute respiratory alkalosis. N Engl J Med. 1969;280:117-123.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5782512?tool=bestpractice.com此病可能以单纯原发性呼吸紊乱的形式发作,唯一症状是呼吸异常,其病因是肺泡 CO2 排出量相对于其产出量较高,导致 PaCO2 降低。呼吸性碱中毒也可能作为代谢性酸中毒等潜在病程的代偿机制发生,或作为混合酸碱失衡的独立组成部分之一,在这种情况下,PaCO2、HCO3- 和 pH 值由潜在酸碱失衡的联合作用决定。[2]Foster GT, Varizi ND, Sassoon CS. Respiratory alkalosis. Respir Care. 2001;46:384-391.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11262557?tool=bestpractice.com呼吸性碱中毒可分为三类:1) 疾病过程的一个组成部分 2) 意外诱发 3) 人为诱发(治疗性)。[3]Laffey JG, Kavanagh BP. Hypocapnia. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:43-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12097540?tool=bestpractice.com意外性呼吸性碱中毒由机械通气设置不当造成,或与体外膜肺氧合作用有关。[3]Laffey JG, Kavanagh BP. Hypocapnia. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:43-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12097540?tool=bestpractice.com只有当颅内高压或新生儿肺动脉高压时,呼吸性碱中毒或低碳酸血症才需要治疗。[4]Allen CH, Ward JD. An evidence-based approach to management of increased intracranial pressure. Crit Care Clin. 1998;14:485-495.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9700443?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Walsh-Sukys MC, Tyson JE, Wright LL, et al. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in the era before nitric oxide: practice variation and outcomes. Pediatrics. 2000;105:14-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617698?tool=bestpractice.com
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流行病学
呼吸性碱中毒较为常见。对美国住院患者的动脉血液样本进行评估的两项大型研究表明,呼吸性碱中毒的发生率为 22.5% - 44.7%。[6]Hodgkin JE, Soeprono FF, Chan DM. Incidence of metabolic alkalemia in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med. 1980;8:725-728.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6778655?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Mazzara JT, Ayres SM, Grace WJ. Extreme hypocapnia in the critically ill patient. Am J Med. 1974;56:450-456.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4818411?tool=bestpractice.com由于动脉血液样本是在患者住院期间的不同时间点采集的,因此以上数字很可能代表了不同类别呼吸性碱中毒病例的情况。意大利的一项研究采集了 110 名连续就诊患者被收入院时的动脉血液样本,结果表明呼吸性碱中毒的发生率为 24%。[8]Palange P, Carlone S, Galassetti P, et al. Incidence of acid-base and electrolyte disturbances in a general hospital: a study of 110 consecutive admissions. Recenti Prog Med. 1990;81:788-791.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2075281?tool=bestpractice.com
对 146 名因航空运送而接受机械通气治疗的烧伤插管患者进行回顾性研究,可推测出意外诱发性呼吸性碱中毒的发生率。呼吸性碱中毒的发生率为 19%,其中 39% 的患者接受了容量辅助控制通气,在接受间歇指令通气的患者中,17% 出现了低碳酸血症。[9]Barillo DJ, Dickerson EE, Cioffi WG, et al. Pressure-controlled ventilation for the long-range aeromedical transport of patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1997;18:200-205.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9169941?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Hooper RG, Browning M. Acid-base changes and ventilator mode during maintenance ventilation. Crit Care Med. 1985;13:44-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3871184?tool=bestpractice.com在容量辅助控制(或容量控制)的情况下,患者可能接受控制或辅助送气。患者触发呼吸机后,呼吸机提供相同的送气时间和送气量。在间歇指令通气的情况下,呼吸机在患者的自发呼吸间隙送气。不过,据另一项研究报告,在接受心肺转流术的患者(86 人)中,大部分在复温阶段出现了低碳酸血症状,并且在将他们送入 ICU(重症监护室)之前,低碳酸血症持续存在。[11]Millar SM, Alston RP, Andrews PJ, et al. Cerebral hypoperfusion in immediate postoperative period following coronary artery bypass grafting, heart valve, and abdominal aortic surgery. Br J Anesth. 2001;87:229-236.http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/87/2/229.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11493494?tool=bestpractice.com该研究未报告低碳酸血症的实际发生率。[11]Millar SM, Alston RP, Andrews PJ, et al. Cerebral hypoperfusion in immediate postoperative period following coronary artery bypass grafting, heart valve, and abdominal aortic surgery. Br J Anesth. 2001;87:229-236.http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/87/2/229.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11493494?tool=bestpractice.com
在美国,调查显示在治疗外伤性脑损伤患者时,36% 的资深神经外科医师和 46% 的急诊医师将预防性过度通气作为常规治疗方法。[12]Marion DW, Spiegel TP. Changes in the management of severe traumatic brain injury: 1991-1997. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:16-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10667493?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Huizenga JE, Zink B, Maio R, et al. The penetrance of head injury management guidelines into the practice patterns of Michigan emergency physicians. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:1171.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11015283?tool=bestpractice.com对于颅内高压病例,低碳酸血症治疗可降低在 ICU 中的治疗天数。[14]Rusnak M, Janciak I, Majdan M, et al. Severe traumatic brain injury in Austria VI: effects of guideline-based management. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2007;119:64-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17318752?tool=bestpractice.com但是,尚未证实治疗颅内压升高或新生儿肺动脉高压患者的低碳酸血症可提高存活率,因此应对低碳酸血症的治疗加以谨慎限制。[3]Laffey JG, Kavanagh BP. Hypocapnia. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:43-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12097540?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Walsh-Sukys MC, Tyson JE, Wright LL, et al. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in the era before nitric oxide: practice variation and outcomes. Pediatrics. 2000;105:14-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617698?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Rusnak M, Janciak I, Majdan M, et al. Severe traumatic brain injury in Austria VI: effects of guideline-based management. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2007;119:64-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17318752?tool=bestpractice.com随着一氧化氮和其他血管舒张药面世,对新生儿肺动脉高压患者低碳酸血症的治疗将减少。[15]Latini G, Del Vecchio A, De Felice C, et al. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: therapeutical approach. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2008;8:1507-1513.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19075808?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Kelly LE, Ohlsson A, Shah PS. Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(8):CD005494.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005494.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28777888?tool=bestpractice.com
生理学
在呼吸性碱中毒中,呼吸中枢的初始抑制和血浆碳酸氢盐浓度降低会减弱 pH 值升高的趋势。CO2 过量排出(肺泡过度通气)和由其产生的低碳酸血症将通过负反馈环抑制呼吸中枢。起始PaCO2降低所产生的全身性效应可用校正后的Henderson-Hasselbalch等式表示如下:
PaCO2 降低导致 PaCO2/HCO3-比值减小,从而降低 H+ 浓度,这会引发碱血症。PCO2 降低还会导致 H+ 分泌速度降低,以及由于细胞内缓冲作用而导致碳酸氢盐经肾小管的排出速度提高。在肾小管细胞内,CO2 在碳酸酐酶的作用下与 H2O 结合,形成碳酸 (H2CO3),碳酸随后分解为 HCO3- 和 H+。碱血症对碳酸酐酶活性具有抑制作用,从而导致分泌入肾小管中的 H+ 量降低。[17]Jacobson HR. Effects of CO2 and acetazolamide on bicarbonate and fluid transport in rabbit proximal tubules. Am J Physiol. 1981;240:F54-F62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6779638?tool=bestpractice.comHCO3- 的再吸收依赖于与 H+ 结合形成碳酸,碳酸随后分解为 H2O 和 CO2。由于肾小管中的 H+ 浓度降低,H+ 的浓度不足以与滤过的 HCO3- 发生反应。HCO3-重吸收量降低,导致血浆 HCO3-浓度和 pH 值降低。
酸碱分析的物理化学(Stewart 或强离子差)方法同样显示,急性换气过度和 PaCO2 下降缓慢导致高氯性肾代偿。由于近曲小管和远曲小管的氢分泌减少,高氯血症与滤过钠和钾以及碳酸氢盐的分泌相关。随着血浆强离子差下降,血浆碳酸氢盐浓度也下降,导致血清 pH 值趋于恢复正常。传统和 Stewart 法都显示,肾脏代偿是由 PaCO2 与碳酸氢盐的比值变化导致(见上述改良的 Henderson-Hasselbalch 公式)。[18]Seifter JL. Integration of acid-base and electrolyte disorders. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1821-1831.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372090?tool=bestpractice.com
呼吸性碱中毒的表现可为急性或慢性。急性呼吸性碱中毒发生于低碳酸血症发生后 6 个小时内。[1]Arbus GS, Herbert LA, Levesque PR, et al. Characterization and clinical application of the "significance band" for acute respiratory alkalosis. N Engl J Med. 1969;280:117-123.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5782512?tool=bestpractice.com慢性呼吸性碱中毒具有肾代偿机制,通常发生于低碳酸血症发生 6 小时后,在 2 - 5 天内结束。[1]Arbus GS, Herbert LA, Levesque PR, et al. Characterization and clinical application of the "significance band" for acute respiratory alkalosis. N Engl J Med. 1969;280:117-123.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5782512?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Santra G, Paul R, Das S, et al. Hyperventilation of pregnancy presenting with flaccid quadriparesis due to hypokalaemia secondary to respiratory alkalosis. J Assoc Physicians India. 2014;62:536-538http://www.japi.org/june_2014/16_cr_hyperventilation_of_pregnancy.pdf[20]Berend K, de Vries AP, Gans RO. Physiological approach to assessment of acid-base disturbances. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1434-1445.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25295502?tool=bestpractice.com在急性呼吸性碱中毒中,血清 HCO3- 与 PaCO2 浓度降低的相互关系可表示如下:
其中,HCO3- 从 24 mmol/L 的正常值开始降低,而 PaCO2 从 40 mmHg 的正常值开始降低。例如,PaCO2 急剧降低 20 mmHg 将导致的血清 HCO3- 浓度变为 22 mmol/L 左右;即,在 24 mmol/L 的血清 HCO3- 浓度正常值的基础上降低 2 mmol/L (0.1 x 20)。血清 HCO3- 浓度相对于预测值出现明显偏差提示除单纯性急性呼吸性碱中毒外,还伴随着其他酸碱平衡紊乱。
在慢性呼吸性碱中毒中,由于肾小管 H+ 分泌和 HCO3- 重吸收的抑制,血清 HCO3- 进一步降低。因此,H+ 浓度的降低幅度比急性阶段更大。在慢性呼吸性碱中毒中,血清 HCO3- 与 PaCO2 下降的关系可表示为:[21]Gennari FJ, Goldstein MB, Schwartz WB. The nature of the renal adaptation to chronic hypocapnia. J Clin Invest. 1972;51:1722-1730.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC292319/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5032522?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Krapf R, Beeler I, Hertner D, et al. Chronic respiratory alkalosis: the effect of sustained hyperventilation on renal regulation of acid-base equilibrium. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1394-1401.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902283?tool=bestpractice.com
在这种情况下,PaCO2 持续降低 20 mmHg 将导致血清 HCO3- 降低8mmol,结果是 HCO3-浓度从 24mmol 标准值降低到 16mmol。单纯性慢性呼吸性碱中毒患者的血清 HCO3- 很少下降到 12 至 14 mmol/L 以下。[20]Berend K, de Vries AP, Gans RO. Physiological approach to assessment of acid-base disturbances. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1434-1445.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25295502?tool=bestpractice.com
呼吸性碱中毒导致乳酸盐生成量缓慢增加,同时乳酸盐清除率降低,从而使血清中的乳酸盐增加。[23]Eldridge F, Salzer J. Effect of respiratory alkalosis on blood lactate and pyruvate in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1967;22:461-468.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6020228?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Druml W, Grimm G, Laggner AN, et al. Lactic acid kinetics in respiratory acidosis. Crit Care Med. 1991;19:1120-1124.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1884611?tool=bestpractice.com有趣的是,一项小型研究显示,通过主动换气过度在训练有素运动员中引发呼吸性碱中毒可减缓体能下降(通过反复冲刺的峰值和平均功率输出测定)。人们认为原因是运动引发的乳酸酸中毒导致酸中毒延迟。[25]Sakamoto A, Naito H, Chow CM. Hyperventilation as a strategy for improved repeated sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28:1119-1126.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23838981?tool=bestpractice.com
呼吸性碱中毒还会独立于其肾代偿机制改变电解质平衡状态。发生初期,由于过度通气使 α-肾上腺素能活性增强,因此会出现高钾血症。之后,细胞间转移、肾重吸收量降低和尿碳酸氢盐增多导致低钾血症。尿碳酸氢盐增多会增加肾钾的排出量。[26]Krapf R, Caduff P, Wagdi P, et al. Plasma potassium response to acute respiratory alkalosis. Kidney Int. 1995;47:217-224.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7731149?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Sanchez MG, Finlayson DC. Dynamics of serum potassium change during acute respiratory alkalosis. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1978;25:495-498.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31968?tool=bestpractice.com低钾血症的症状通常较轻,但由于孕妇血液循环中较高的孕酮水平会引起过度通气和呼吸性碱中毒,因此孕妇的症状可能较重。某病例曾报告患者因呼吸性碱中毒诱发的低钾血症而出现弛缓性瘫痪。[19]Santra G, Paul R, Das S, et al. Hyperventilation of pregnancy presenting with flaccid quadriparesis due to hypokalaemia secondary to respiratory alkalosis. J Assoc Physicians India. 2014;62:536-538http://www.japi.org/june_2014/16_cr_hyperventilation_of_pregnancy.pdf在急性阶段,发生低磷酸盐血症可能与磷转运到细胞内有关。[28]Brautbar N, Leibovici H, Massry SG. On the mechanism of hypophosphatemia during acute hyperventilation: evidence for increased muscle glycolysis. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1983;9:45-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6843518?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Hoppe A, Metler M, Berndt TJ. Effect of respiratory alkalosis on renal phosphate excretion. Am J Physiol. 1982;243:F471-F475.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6291407?tool=bestpractice.com相反,由于对甲状旁腺素具有抵抗性,慢性期伴有高磷血症以及低钙血症。[30]Krapf R, Jaeger P, Hulter HN. Chronic respiratory alkalosis induces renal PTH-resistance, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia in humans. Kidney Int. 1992;42:727-734.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1405350?tool=bestpractice.com
肺部生理变化的突出表现是支气管收缩。[31]Jamison JP, Glover PJ, Wallace WF. Comparison of the effects of inhaled ipratropium bromide and salbutamol on the bronchoconstrictor response to hypocapnic hyperventilation in normal subjects. Thorax. 1987;42:809-814.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC460957/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2962333?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Rodriguez-Roisin R. Gas exchange abnormalities in asthma. Lung. 1990;168(Suppl):599-605.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2117169?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Bayindir O, Akpinar B, Ozbek U, et al. The hazardous effects of alveolar hypocapnia on lung mechanics during weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion. 2000;15:27-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10676865?tool=bestpractice.com呼吸性碱中毒对肺动脉的影响以及与 pH 值有关的变化可能会诱发肺动脉血管舒张,这一特性通常用于治疗新生儿持续肺动脉高压。[5]Walsh-Sukys MC, Tyson JE, Wright LL, et al. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in the era before nitric oxide: practice variation and outcomes. Pediatrics. 2000;105:14-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617698?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Fike CD, Hansen TN. The effect of alkalosis on hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction in lungs of newborn rabbits. Pediatr Res. 1989;25:383-388.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2726313?tool=bestpractice.com心动过速还与呼吸性碱中毒本身的生理变化一致,并且与交感神经活性增加和低钾血症相关。[26]Krapf R, Caduff P, Wagdi P, et al. Plasma potassium response to acute respiratory alkalosis. Kidney Int. 1995;47:217-224.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7731149?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Samuelsson RG, Nagy G. Effects of respiratory alkalosis and acidosis on myocardial excitation. Acta Physiol Scand. 1976;97:158-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/949001?tool=bestpractice.com由于 O2 对血红蛋白的亲和力增强,冠状动脉血管痉挛或心肌供氧降低时可能会出现胸痛。[36]Neill WA, Hattenhauer M. Impairment of myocardial O2 supply due to hyperventilation. Circulation. 1975;52:854-858.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/52/5/854.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1175266?tool=bestpractice.com数据还显示,在低碳酸血症 (PaCO2 20.9 ± 2.9) 持续的过程中,呼吸性碱中毒可显著减少体内微循环血流(通过反射式共聚焦显微镜测量)。可见于无合并心搏出量减少时。[37]Morel J, Gergelé L, Dominé A, et al. The venous-arterial difference in CO2 should be interpreted with caution in case of respiratory alkalosis in healthy volunteers. J Clin Monit Comput. 2017;31:701-707.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27287759?tool=bestpractice.com在急性和慢性呼吸性碱中毒中也已有室性和房性心律失常的报告。[38]Wildenthal K, Fuller DS, Shapiro W. Paroxysmal atrial arrhythmias induced by hyperventilation. Am J Cardiol. 1968;21:436-441.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5637848?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Hisano K, Matsuguchi T, Ootsubo H, et al. Hyperventilation-induced variant angina with ventricular tachycardia. Am Heart J. 1984;108:423-425.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6464982?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Brown EB Jr, Miller F. Ventricular fibrillation following a rapid fall in alveolar carbon dioxide concentration. Am J Physiol.1952;169:56-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14923862?tool=bestpractice.com胃肠道和肝脏症状可见于急性(非慢性)呼吸性碱中毒。急性呼吸性碱中毒会引起恶心、呕吐和肠胃蠕动剧烈。[41]Bharucha AE, Camilleri M, Ford MJ, et al. Hyperventilation alters colonic motor and sensory function: effects and mechanisms in humans. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:368-377.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8690201?tool=bestpractice.com由于低碳酸血症可能对结肠平滑肌具有直接作用,因此结肠张力的增加机制取决于低碳酸血症(而不是血碳酸正常的过度通气)。[42]Ford MJ, Camelleri MJ, Hanson RB, et al. Hyperventilation, central autonomic control, and colonic tone in humans. Gut. 1995;37:499-504.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1382900/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7489935?tool=bestpractice.com在 PaCO2<20 mmHg 的阈值时,低碳酸血症会影响外围神经和中枢神经系统。[43]Rafferty GF, Saisch GN, Gardner WN. Relation of hypocapnic symptoms to rate of fall of end-tidal PCO2 in normal subjects. Respir Med. 1992;86:335-340.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1448588?tool=bestpractice.com出现的症状包括眩晕、头晕、焦虑、欣快、愚笨、健忘、幻觉和抽搐。[44]Perkin GD, Joseph R. Neurological manifestations of the hyperventilation syndrome. J R Soc Med. 1986;79:448-450.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1290412/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3761286?tool=bestpractice.com另外还报告了单向性的躯体化症状,包括部分癫痫发作、偏头痛或卒中样症状。CNS 症状最开始由 pH 值变化所致(而非 PaCO2 变化),进而导致脑血流量降低,引起脑缺血,最终出现神经系统症状。[45]Gardner WN. The pathophysiology of hyperventilation disorders. Chest. 1996;109:516-534.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8620731?tool=bestpractice.com外周神经的表现包括手足搐搦和感觉异常。这些神经系统的表现是由于过度通气诱发的神经兴奋性增强所引起,而神经兴奋性增强又因低钙血症,也可能因低磷酸盐血症所致。[45]Gardner WN. The pathophysiology of hyperventilation disorders. Chest. 1996;109:516-534.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8620731?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Macefield G, Burke D. Paraesthesiae and tetany induced by voluntary hyperventilation: increased excitability of human cutaneous and motor axons. Brain. 1991;114:527-540.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004255?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Edmondson JW, Brashear RE, Li TK. Tetany: quantitative interrelationships between calcium and alkalosis. Am J Physiol. 1975;228:1082-1086.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/236662?tool=bestpractice.com
因为代偿机制不会使 pH 值完全恢复,所以在确定另一种原发性酸碱失衡是否与呼吸性碱中毒共存时,pH 值是一个关键指标。在急性和慢性呼吸性碱中毒中,预测的 HCO3- 浓度的明显偏差可表明存在另一种原发性酸碱失衡。注意,在单纯性慢性呼吸性碱中毒中,血清 HCO3- 很少降低到 12 至 14 mmol/L,如果低于该值,则表明代谢性酸中毒是一个独立成分
。[48]Kaehny WD. Respiratory acid-base disorders. Med Clin North Am. 1983;67:915-928.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6410136?tool=bestpractice.com如果低碳酸血症与酸血症同时出现,则会出现原发性呼吸性碱中毒;如果低碳酸血症的程度比预期严重,则应注意同时出现的代谢性酸中毒。