尽管一些临床特征和实验室检查结果高度提示可能存在化脓性关节炎,但对于化脓性关节炎的诊断目前尚无 100% 敏感或 100% 特异的单一因素。诊断的关键在于肌肉骨骼病治疗方面有丰富经验的临床医师的临床疑诊程度。若临床高度怀疑,则患者必须接受化脓性关节炎治疗,而不论血液或微生物学检验结果。[10]Coakley G, Mathews C, Field M, et al. BSR and BHPR, BOA, RCGP and BSAC guidelines for management of the hot swollen joint in adults. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45:1039-1041.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/45/8/1039http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16829534?tool=bestpractice.com
病史
化脓性关节炎常表现为短期关节(单或多关节)发热、肿胀、疼痛以及相关的活动限制。[3]Weston VC, Jones AC, Bradbury N, et al. Clinical features and outcome of septic arthritis in a single UK health district 1982-1991. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999;58:214-219.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1752863/pdf/v058p00214.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10364899?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Gupta MN, Sturrock RD, Field M. A prospective 2-year study of 75 patients with adult-onset septic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001;40:24-30.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/1/24http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11157138?tool=bestpractice.com在低毒力微生物、结核或关节假体存在的情况下,表现可能更为隐匿。[4]Gupta MN, Sturrock RD, Field M. A prospective 2-year study of 75 patients with adult-onset septic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001;40:24-30.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/1/24http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11157138?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Gupta MN, Sturrock RD, Field M. Prospective comparative study of patients with culture proven and high suspicion of adult onset septic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:327-331.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1754487/pdf/v062p00327.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12634231?tool=bestpractice.com如果患者有潜在关节病,若受累关节中的症状与其他关节的疾病活动度不匹配,则应疑似脓毒性关节。在多达 22% 的患者中,化脓性关节炎为累及多关节。[2]Kaandorp CJ, Dinant HJ, van de Laar MA, et al. Incidence and sources of native and prosthetic joint infection: a community based prospective survey. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997;56:470-475.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1752430/pdf/v056p00470.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9306869?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Dubost JJ, Soubrier M, De Champs C, et al. No changes in the distribution of organisms responsible for septic arthritis over a 20 year period. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61:267-269.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1754020/pdf/v061p00267.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11830437?tool=bestpractice.com
危险因素
化脓性关节炎发生的危险因素包括类风湿性关节炎或骨关节炎、关节假体、低社会经济地位、静脉药物滥用、酗酒、糖尿病、先前关节内皮质类固醇注射以及存在皮肤溃疡。在性活跃患者中,应怀疑淋球菌性关节炎的可能。[3]Weston VC, Jones AC, Bradbury N, et al. Clinical features and outcome of septic arthritis in a single UK health district 1982-1991. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999;58:214-219.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1752863/pdf/v058p00214.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10364899?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Gupta MN, Sturrock RD, Field M. A prospective 2-year study of 75 patients with adult-onset septic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001;40:24-30.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/1/24http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11157138?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Kaandorp CJ, Dinant HJ, van de Laar MA, et al. Incidence and sources of native and prosthetic joint infection: a community based prospective survey. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997;56:470-475.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1752430/pdf/v056p00470.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9306869?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Dubost JJ, Soubrier M, De Champs C, et al. No changes in the distribution of organisms responsible for septic arthritis over a 20 year period. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61:267-269.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1754020/pdf/v061p00267.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11830437?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Sharp JT, Lidsky MD, Duffy J, et al. Infectious arthritis. Arch Intern Med. 1979;139:1125-1130.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/485744?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Meijers KA, Dijkmans BA, Hermans J, et al. Non-gonococcal infectious arthritis: a retrospective study. J Infect. 1987;14:13-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3819454?tool=bestpractice.comMRSA 发病率在世界许多地方日益升高。[11]Arnold SR, Elias D, Buckingham SC, et al. Changing patterns of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis: emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26:703-708.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17065930?tool=bestpractice.com尤为危险的患者包括近期住院患者、疗养院居住者以及腿部溃疡或留置导尿管的患者。结核性关节炎也愈加频繁,对于免疫力低下人群以及来自结核病流行区域的患者应怀疑患有结核性关节炎的可能。
检查
受感染关节的典型特征是肿胀、温热、压痛以及关节活动范围的显著降低。有无发热并非化脓性关节炎的可靠指征。[3]Weston VC, Jones AC, Bradbury N, et al. Clinical features and outcome of septic arthritis in a single UK health district 1982-1991. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999;58:214-219.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1752863/pdf/v058p00214.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10364899?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Gupta MN, Sturrock RD, Field M. A prospective 2-year study of 75 patients with adult-onset septic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001;40:24-30.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/1/24http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11157138?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Gupta MN, Sturrock RD, Field M. Prospective comparative study of patients with culture proven and high suspicion of adult onset septic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:327-331.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1754487/pdf/v062p00327.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12634231?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Dubost JJ, Soubrier M, De Champs C, et al. No changes in the distribution of organisms responsible for septic arthritis over a 20 year period. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61:267-269.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1754020/pdf/v061p00267.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11830437?tool=bestpractice.com
实验室试验
若疑似化脓性关节炎,则必须在开始抗生素治疗前行关节穿刺以获取关节滑液样本。这一操作的唯一禁忌证是存在关节假体。在这些情况下,建议于手术室中在无菌条件下进行所有侵入性操作,并建议转诊至骨科医生。还建议将疑似结核性关节炎的患者转诊至骨科医生,可行滑膜活检以确诊。
上覆蜂窝组织炎或抗凝治疗均不是关节穿刺的绝对禁忌证。遇到这些患者,如果主治医师对于行关节穿刺术不是很有把握,则应寻求专家援助。
关节滑液应立即送检以进行革兰氏染色、白细胞计数和随后的培养。初次就诊时建议血培养应在抗生素治疗前进行。
血清白细胞计数、红细胞沉降率 (ESR) 和 C 反应蛋白 (CRP) 在诊断和治疗监控中可能有帮助。因此,建议若怀疑化脓性关节炎,则常规进行这些检查。
可进行电解质和肝功能检查 (LFT) 以指示是否存在全身性脓毒症。
若病史或检查表明为其他的非关节感染源,则应进行适当的取样并送至培养。
放射影像学
对于化脓性关节炎的诊断,目前尚无可靠的影像学检查。[12]Nijhof MW, Oyen WJ, van Kampen A, et al. Evaluation of infections of the locomotor system with indium-111-labeled human IgG scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 1997;38:1300-1305.http://jnm.snmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/38/8/1300http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9255172?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Karchevsky M, Schweitzer ME, Morrison WB, et al. MRI findings of septic arthritis and associated osteomyelitis in adults. Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182:119-122.http://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/ajr.182.1.1820119http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684523?tool=bestpractice.com然而,建议初诊行基线X 线平片检查以确定就诊时是否存在任何潜在关节病。
若疑似相关骨髓炎,则 MRI 可能有帮助。
若疑似髋化脓性关节炎,则建议在超声引导下行关节穿刺。