肛裂

Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ, et al. Ischaemic nature of anal fissure. Br J Surg. 1996;83:63-65.

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Cross KL, Massey EJ, Fowler AL, et al; ACPGBI. The management of anal fissure: ACPGBI position statement. Colorectal Dis. 2008;10(suppl 3):1-7.

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Lund JN, Scholefield JH. A randomised, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of glyceryl trinitrate ointment in treatment of anal fissure. Lancet. 1997;349:11-14.

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Lund JN, Nystrom PO, Coremans G, et al. An evidence-based treatment algorithm for anal fissure. Tech Coloproctol. 2006;10:177-180.

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American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: diagnosis and care of patients with anal fissure. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:233-234.

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Perry WB, Dykes SL, Buie WD, et al. Practice parameters for the management of anal fissures (3rd revision). Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53:1110-1115.

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Altomare DF, Binda GA, Canuti S, et al. The management of patients with primary chronic anal fissure: a position paper. Tech Coloproctol. 2011;15:135-141.

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Casillas S, Hull TL, Zutshi M, et al. Incontinence after a lateral internal sphincterotomy: are we underestimating it? Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1193-1199.

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1.  Ayatunde AA, Debrah SA. Current concepts in anal fissures. World J Surgery. 2006;30:2246-60.

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2.  Lund JN, Scholefield JH. Aetiology and treatment of anal fissure. Br J Surg. 1996;83:1335-1344.

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3.  Collins EE, Lund JN. A review of chronic anal fissure management. Tech Coloproctol. 2007;11:209-223.

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4.  Simpson J, Lund JN, Thompson RJ, et al. The use of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) in the treatment of chronic anal fissure in children. Med Sci Monit. 2003;9:PI123-PI126.

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5.  Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ, et al. Ischaemic nature of anal fissure. Br J Surg. 1996;83:63-65.

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6.  Lund JN. Nitric oxide deficiency in the internal anal sphincter of patients with chronic anal fissure. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006;21:673-675.

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7.  Cross KL, Massey EJ, Fowler AL, et al; ACPGBI. The management of anal fissure: ACPGBI position statement. Colorectal Dis. 2008;10(suppl 3):1-7.

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8.  Klosterhalfen B, Vogel P, Rixen H, et al. Topography of the inferior rectal artery: a possible cause of chronic, primary anal fissure. Dis Colon Rectum. 1989;32:43-52.

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9.  Lund JN, Binch C, McGrath J, et al. Topographical distribution of blood supply to the anal canal. Br J Surg. 1999;86:496-498.

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10.  Lund JN, Scholefield JH. A randomised, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of glyceryl trinitrate ointment in treatment of anal fissure. Lancet. 1997;349:11-14.

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11.  Nelson RL, Thomas K, Morgan J, et al. Non surgical therapy for anal fissure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(2):CD003431.

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12.  Jensen SL. Diet and other risk factors for fissure-in-ano. Prospective case control study. Dis Colon Rectum. 1988;31:770-773.

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13.  Lock MR, Thompson JPS. Fissure-in-ano: the initial management and prognosis. Br J Surg. 1977;64:355-358.

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14.  Lund JN, Nystrom PO, Coremans G, et al. An evidence-based treatment algorithm for anal fissure. Tech Coloproctol. 2006;10:177-180.

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15.  Gough MJ, Lewis A. The conservative treatment of fissure-in-ano. Br J Surg. 1983;70:175-176.

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16.  American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: diagnosis and care of patients with anal fissure. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:233-234.

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• 摘要

17.  Perry WB, Dykes SL, Buie WD, et al. Practice parameters for the management of anal fissures (3rd revision). Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53:1110-1115.

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18.  Altomare DF, Binda GA, Canuti S, et al. The management of patients with primary chronic anal fissure: a position paper. Tech Coloproctol. 2011;15:135-141.

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19.  Nasr M, Ezzat H, Elsebae M. Botulinum toxin injection versus lateral internal sphincterotomy in the treatment of chronic anal fissure: a randomized controlled trial. World J Surg. 2010;34:2730-2734.

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20.  Lewis TH, Corman ML, Prager ED, et al. Long term results of open and closed sphincterotomy for anal fissure. Dic Colon Rectum. 1988;31:368-371.

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21.  Jonas M, Scholefield JH. Anal fissure. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2001;30:167-181.

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22.  Christie A, Guest JF. Modelling the economic impact of managing a chronic anal fissure with a proprietary formulation of nitroglycerin (Rectogesic) compared to lateral internal sphincterotomy in the United Kingdom. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2002;17:259-267.

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23.  Hanumanthappa MBS. Topical diltiazem is superior to topical lignocaine in the treatment of chronic anal fissure: results of a prospective comparative study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2012;6:1014-1017.

24.  Shao WJ, Li GC, Zhang ZK. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing botulinum toxin injection with lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2009;24:995-1000.

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25.  Schmidt-Lauber M. Blind, randomized clinical study on botulinum toxin in comparison with isosorbide dinitrate ointment for the treatment of anal fissures. Coloproctology. 2010;32:191-192.

26.  Nelson RL, Chattopadhyay A, Brooks W, et al. Operative procedures for fissure in ano. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(11):CD002199.

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27.  Casillas S, Hull TL, Zutshi M, et al. Incontinence after a lateral internal sphincterotomy: are we underestimating it? Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1193-1199.

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28.  Torrabadella L, Salgado G, Burns RW, et al. Manometric study of topical sildenafil (Viagra) in patients with chronic anal fissure: sildenafil reduces anal resting tone. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:733-738.

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