臀位在未足月妊娠中是常见现象,此时胎儿活动度大,晚孕期前并不诊断胎位异常。分娩时确定胎位十分重要(无论孕周),而近足月时了解胎位亦十分重要,因为此时可以考虑行外倒转术。临产后才诊断臀位可增加母儿并发症发病率及死亡率。[23]Waterstone M, Bewley S, Wolfe C. Incidence and predictors of severe obstetric morbidity: case-control study. BMJ. 2001;322:1089-1093.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11337436?tool=bestpractice.com
病史
妊娠情况应包括近期症状、产次及前次分娩方式。核对末次月经及孕周有助于明确早产和小于胎龄儿风险。此外,病史回顾中应包括阴道出血情况,这些情况可提示一些危险因素,如前置胎盘,这些因素使得处理更为复杂。[24]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of breech presentation. December 2006. http://www.rcog.org.uk (last accessed 16 March 2016).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg-no-20b-breech-presentation.pdf[25]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. Mode of term singleton breech delivery (reaffirmed 2014). ACOG Committee Opinion No. 340. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:235-237.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16816088?tool=bestpractice.com 特定的一侧肋缘下疼痛或压痛可能是较硬的胎头压迫所致。还可出现胎儿踢母亲骨盆及膀胱导致的疼痛。
临床检查
中孕期较晚时候及晚孕期每次产检均应评估胎儿先露。中孕期较晚时候Leopold触诊法是重要的诊断步骤,包括四步:[1]Cunningham F, Gant N, Leveno K, et al. Williams obstetrics. 21 ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1997.
35至37周通过临床检查诊断臀位的敏感性和特异性分别为70%及95%,阳性及阴性预测值为55%及97%。[4]Nassar N, Roberts CL, Cameron CA, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination for detection of non-cephalic presentation in late pregnancy: cross sectional analytic study. BMJ. 2006;333:578-580.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16891327?tool=bestpractice.com
通过听诊器及手持多普勒明确胎心位置可进一步帮助明确胎位。胎心位于母体脐上常提示臀位。[1]Cunningham F, Gant N, Leveno K, et al. Williams obstetrics. 21 ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1997.
阴道检查(包括阴道窥器和/或指诊)可进一步帮助明确先露部分;胎头硬而圆,而胎儿臀部较软,形状不规则。[1]Cunningham F, Gant N, Leveno K, et al. Williams obstetrics. 21 ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1997.[26]Beischer NA, Mackay EV, Colditz P, eds. Obstetrics and the newborn: an illustrated textbook. 3rd ed. London: W.B. Saunders. 1997. 无菌阴道检查可帮助明确臀位类型、胎儿骶骨位置及臀位状态。胎儿脐带脱垂及脐带绕颈在臀位中更容易发生,因此需仔细评估检查以除外脐带打结。如怀疑前置胎盘,则不应行阴道指检。[24]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of breech presentation. December 2006. http://www.rcog.org.uk (last accessed 16 March 2016).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg-no-20b-breech-presentation.pdf[25]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. Mode of term singleton breech delivery (reaffirmed 2014). ACOG Committee Opinion No. 340. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:235-237.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16816088?tool=bestpractice.com
超声检查
经腹或经阴道超声可明确臀位诊断,该诊断应由具有产科超声经验的专业人员进行。经腹超声可同时检测胎儿股骨及与远端肢体骨的位置关系,进而明确臀位分型。除外可能影响处理方式或分娩方式的病因非常重要(包括羊水过多、胎盘低置、胎儿畸形等)。