冠状动脉病
在评估消化不良时应当首先排除该病。病史很关键,尤其患者若在意料外的年龄发病,则致病因素可能为先天性冠状动脉异常或药物滥用(例如苯丙胺)。在评估消化不良时请注意,心脏病的症状持续时间较短(数小时、数天或数周),症状与用力有时间相关性,伴随呼吸困难、无力、出汗或心血管生命体征改变等特征。烧灼性疼痛和缺乏标准危险因素不能排除心脏原因。[15]Flook N, Unge P, Agreus L, et al. Approach to managing undiagnosed chest pain: could gastroesophageal reflux disease be the cause? Can Fam Physician. 2007 Feb;53(2):261-6.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17872643http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17872643?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Chang AM, Fischman DL, Hollander JE, et al. Evaluation of chest pain and acute coronary syndromes. Cardiol Clin. 2018 Feb;36(1):1-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29173670?tool=bestpractice.com
诊断检查包括心电图、血清肌钙蛋白、运动负荷试验、99mTc-甲氧基异丁基异腈扫描以及冠状动脉血管造影。怀疑存在急性心脏问题的患者需要接受评估,以确定是否需要紧急干预以保护受影响的心肌。此类干预措施包括抗血小板治疗(阿司匹林或氯吡格雷)、肝素等抗凝剂、溶栓疗法或放置冠状动脉支架。
其他急性心血管问题也可能存在与消化不良混淆的症状,包括主动脉夹层动脉瘤、心包炎、心肌病,以及罕见情况下的心源性心律失常。
上消化道恶性肿瘤
在初级医疗卫生中,上消化道症状极少由恶性肿瘤所致;[17]Thomson AB, Barkun AN, Armstrong D, et al. The prevalence of clinically significant endoscopic findings in primary care patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia: the Canadian adult dyspepsia empiric treatment - prompt endoscopy (CADET-PE) study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Jun 15;17(12):1481-91.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118880214/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12823150?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,与年轻患者相比,在年龄较大的患者中,肿瘤更有可能是其症状的潜在原因。尚未发现上消化道恶性肿瘤患病风险的年龄下限;然而,在全球发达国家,对于<60 岁的患者,上消化道恶性肿瘤极不可能是其消化道症状的致病原因。随着年龄每增加十岁,上消化道恶性肿瘤的风险也会随之增加。[3]Moayyedi PM, Lacy BE, Andrews CN, et al. ACG and CAG clinical guideline: management of dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jul;112(7):988-1013.https://www.nature.com/articles/ajg2017154http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28631728?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Talley NJ, Vakil NB, Moayyedi P. AGA technical review: evaluation of dyspepsia. Gastroenterology. 2005 Nov;129(5):1756-80.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2805%2901818-4/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16285971?tool=bestpractice.com[12]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected cancer: recognition and referral. July 2017 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng12
可使用缩略词“ VBAD ”协助记忆严重上消化道疾病的标准警报特征:
V:呕吐
B:出血或贫血
A:腹部包块或意外的体重减轻
D (dysphagia):吞咽困难。
在具有警报特征的患者中,3.8% 会罹患上消化道恶性肿瘤,12.8% 会罹患复杂性疾病(例如伴有出血、穿孔、缺血或梗阻)或严重疾病。[12]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected cancer: recognition and referral. July 2017 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng12[18]Kapoor N, Bassi A, Sturgess R, et al. Predictive value of alarm features in a rapid access upper gastrointestinal cancer service. Gut. 2005 Jan;54(1):40-5.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15591502http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591502?tool=bestpractice.com
通过这些警报特征(尤其是在新发、持续性和进行性的情况下)以及腹部检查异常(常见穿孔、缺血和梗阻)来识别可能需要额外检查或干预的患者。关于警报特征效能的近期综述发现这些特征非常敏感;几乎所有患恶性肿瘤的患者在就诊时均存在这些特征。但是,警报特征的阳性预测值很低;大多数存在警报特征的患者不会发生恶性肿瘤。对于单独的警报特征无需过度担心。[18]Kapoor N, Bassi A, Sturgess R, et al. Predictive value of alarm features in a rapid access upper gastrointestinal cancer service. Gut. 2005 Jan;54(1):40-5.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15591502http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591502?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Talley NJ. What the physician needs to know for correct management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20(suppl 2):S23-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15335410?tool=bestpractice.com
临床医生在评估年龄较大的患者时(>60 岁),如有新发(几个月)的进行性症状,尤其是有警报特征时,需要特别注意。临床医生必须评估是否需要检查恶性肿瘤或复杂性上消化道疾病(即:伴有出血、穿孔、缺血或梗阻);[18]Kapoor N, Bassi A, Sturgess R, et al. Predictive value of alarm features in a rapid access upper gastrointestinal cancer service. Gut. 2005 Jan;54(1):40-5.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15591502http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15591502?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Talley NJ. What the physician needs to know for correct management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20(suppl 2):S23-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15335410?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Vakil N, Moayyedi P, Fennerty MB, et al. Limited value of alarm features in the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal malignancy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2006 Aug;131(2):390-401.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890592?tool=bestpractice.com 评估方式通常包括及时进行内镜检查。在评估消化不良患者是否存在恶性肿瘤或复杂性疾病时,务必考虑是否需要对特定患者使用上消化道内镜(首选)、上消化道钡餐造影 X 线检查、腹部计算机断层扫描、腹部超声进行进一步检查。