心脏骤停和血流动力学不稳定:紧急心脏电复律。
由心室颤动、多形性室速或快室速导致的心脏骤停患者需要立即行CPR和电除颤。[20]Goldberger JJ, Cain ME, Hohnloser SH, et al. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation/Heart Rhythm Society scientific statement on noninvasive risk stratification techniques for identifying patients at risk for sudden cardiac death: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology Committee on Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2008;118:1497-1518.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/118/14/1497http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833586?tool=bestpractice.com这种情况下,除颤每延误1分钟,生存几率降低7%-10%。[21]Winkle RA, Mead RH, Ruder MA, et al. Effect of duration of ventricular fibrillation on defibrillation efficacy in humans. Circulation. 1990;81:1477-1481.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/81/5/1477http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2331763?tool=bestpractice.com[22]De Maio VJ, Stiell IG, Wells GA, et al. Optimal defibrillation response intervals for maximum out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival rates. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42:242-250.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12883512?tool=bestpractice.com治疗:高质量证据表明对于心脏骤停患者进行早期除颤可获得较好效果。[23]Rea TD, Eisenberg MS, Becker LJ, et al. Temporal trends in sudden cardiac arrest: a 25-year emergency medical services perspective. Circulation. 2003;107:2780-2785.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/107/22/2780http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12756155?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Winkle RA, Mead RH, Ruder MA, et al. Effect of duration of ventricular fibrillation on defibrillation efficacy in humans. Circulation. 1990;81:1477-1481.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/81/5/1477http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2331763?tool=bestpractice.com[22]De Maio VJ, Stiell IG, Wells GA, et al. Optimal defibrillation response intervals for maximum out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival rates. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42:242-250.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12883512?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
因为伴心室预激的房颤可能恶化为心室颤动,所以需要立即行电复律。
当心动过速(不管机制如何)引起血流动力学不稳定、心绞痛、晕厥或失代偿性心力衰竭时,应优先迅速终止心律失常。在许多情况下如房颤伴快速心室率、室上速和室速等,心脏电复律是恢复窦性节律最有效和最可靠的方式。重启节律时,在心脏复律期间和之后即刻,获取长心电节律记录图很有用。[21]Winkle RA, Mead RH, Ruder MA, et al. Effect of duration of ventricular fibrillation on defibrillation efficacy in humans. Circulation. 1990;81:1477-1481.http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/81/5/1477http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2331763?tool=bestpractice.com[22]De Maio VJ, Stiell IG, Wells GA, et al. Optimal defibrillation response intervals for maximum out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival rates. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42:242-250.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12883512?tool=bestpractice.com