治疗以症状控制的为主。 外用药物如糖皮质激素、煤焦油、钙调磷酸酶抑制剂和抗真菌药物可用来治疗。[13]Warshaw EM, Wohlhuter RJ, Liu A, et al. Results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled efficacy trial of pimecrolimus cream 1% for the treatment of moderate to severe facial seborrheic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:257-264.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17188780?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Hebert AA. Review of pimecrolimus cream 1% for the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. Clin Ther. 2006;28:1972-1982.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296454?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Firooz A, Solhpour A, Gorouhi F. Pimecrolimus cream, 1%, vs hydrocortisone acetate cream, 1%, in the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis: a randomized, investigator-blind, clinical trial. Arch Dermatol. 2005;142:1066-1067.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924062?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Kastarinen H, Oksanen T, Okokon EO, et al. Topical anti-inflammatory agents for seborrhoeic dermatitis of the face or scalp. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(5):CD009446.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009446.pub2/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24838779?tool=bestpractice.com 当脂溢性皮炎局限在头皮时,可采用洗发水和去屑治疗。[17]Shuster S, Meynadier J, Kerl H, et al. Treatment and prophylaxis of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp with antipityrosporal 1% ciclopirox shampoo. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:47-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15655141?tool=bestpractice.com 全身性使用抗真菌药物应用于重度疾病,并且避免用于婴儿和儿童。[18]Swinyer LJ, Decroix J, Langner, A. Ketoconazole gel 2% in the treatment of moderate to severe seborrheic dermatitis. Cutis. 2007;79:475-482.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17713152?tool=bestpractice.com
头皮疾病
婴儿头痂可应用润肤剂如外用橄榄油治疗。 成人和儿童头皮脂溢性皮炎的一线治疗是洗发水或去屑治疗,去屑产品包括以下成分之一:水杨酸、酮康唑、症状的严重程度:有强有力的证据表明相较于安慰剂,酮康唑能更有效地治疗脂溢性皮炎。[19]Apasrawirote W, Udompataikul M, Rattanamongkolgul S. Topical antifungal agents for seborrheic dermatitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Assoc Thai. 2011;94:756-760.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21696088?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 二硫化硒、症状严重程度:在中度至重度头皮屑患者中,不充分的证据表明硫化硒洗发水比安慰剂在减轻头皮屑方面更有效,并且可以增加在29天疗程中的治疗反应。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。粗制煤焦油、头皮疾病:在脂溢性皮炎或头皮屑的患者中,有较充分的证据表明煤焦油洗发水相对于安慰剂在改善头皮屑和发红方面更有效。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 或吡硫嗡锌。[20]Schwartz JR, Bacon RA, Shah R, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of anti-dandruff shampoos: a randomized clinical trial comparing products based on potentiated zinc pyrithione and zinc pyrithione/climbazole. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2013;35:381-387.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23614401?tool=bestpractice.com 对于头皮脂溢性皮炎,咪康唑洗发水和酮康唑洗发水一样有效。[21]Buechner SA. Multicenter, double-blind, parallel group study investigating the non-inferiority of efficacy and safety of a 2% miconazole nitrate shampoo in comparison with a 2% ketoconazole shampoo in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp. J Dermatolog Treat. 2014;25:226-231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23557492?tool=bestpractice.com 局部用糖皮质激素,例如氟轻松或氢化可的松应当作为2岁以上儿童和成年人的二线治疗。 含有环吡酮胺的洗发水作为头皮脂溢性皮炎的一线治疗,尤其在欧洲。[17]Shuster S, Meynadier J, Kerl H, et al. Treatment and prophylaxis of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp with antipityrosporal 1% ciclopirox shampoo. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:47-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15655141?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Apasrawirote W, Udompataikul M, Rattanamongkolgul S. Topical antifungal agents for seborrheic dermatitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Assoc Thai. 2011;94:756-760.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21696088?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do topical ketoconazole and ciclopirox compare with placebo, topical steroids and each other for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.802/full显示答案
非头皮疾病
外用皮质类固醇或抗真菌药症状严重程度:有强有力的证据表明酮康唑和环匹罗司相较于安慰剂能更有效地治疗脂溢性皮炎。[19]Apasrawirote W, Udompataikul M, Rattanamongkolgul S. Topical antifungal agents for seborrheic dermatitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Assoc Thai. 2011;94:756-760.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21696088?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 经常用于治疗成人面部和躯干部位的脂溢性皮炎。对于成人弯曲部位的脂溢性皮炎或者婴儿和儿童迁延性顽固的脂溢性皮炎,低效的外用皮质类固醇是有益的。
外用皮质类固醇的效力大小取决于脂溢性皮炎的严重程度和部位。外用皮质类固醇可以导致皮肤萎缩、细纹、色素减退和毛细血管扩张,因此少量地涂抹并尽可能使用低效制剂非常重要。外用皮质类固醇按照效力分为 1 级(最强)到 7 级(最弱)。高效至中效的皮质类固醇(倍他米松)用于皮肤较厚的区域(躯干和头皮)或严重病例。对于轻症病例或皮肤较薄的部位(例如皮肤皱褶、颈部和面部或婴儿的皮肤),应使用弱效皮质类固醇(例如地奈德、氢化可的松),以免出现皮肤萎缩、毛细血管扩张、色素减退[22]High WA, Pandya AG. Pilot trial of 1% pimecrolimus cream in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis in African American adults with associated hypopigmentation. J Am Acad Dermat. 2006;54:1083-1088.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16713477?tool=bestpractice.com 和细纹。
对于面部的脂溢性皮炎,可能会联合使用一种局部用唑类抗真菌药例如酮康唑和两周的局部用糖皮质激素。[23]Pierard-Franchimont C, Pierard GE. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of ketoconazole + desonide gel combination in the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis. Dermatology. 2002;204:344-347.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077544?tool=bestpractice.com 酮康唑可以用2%的药膏或泡沫剂。[24]Elewski BE, Abramovits W, Kempers S, et al. A novel foam formulation of ketoconazole 2% for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis on multiple body regions. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007;6:1001-1008.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17966177?tool=bestpractice.com 对于面部的脂溢性皮炎也可使用2%的舍他康唑药膏。[25]Goldust M, Rezaee E, Rouhani S. Double blind study of sertaconazole 2% cream vs. clotrimazole 1% cream in treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. Ann Parasitol. 2013;59:25-29.http://www.annals-parasitology.eu/go.live.php/download_default/D539/2013-59-1_25.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23829055?tool=bestpractice.com 暂时性证据显示甲硝唑凝胶治疗面部脂溢性皮炎有效,[26]Seckin D, Gurbuz O, Akin O. Metronidazole 0.75% gel vs. ketoconazole 2% cream in the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21:345-350.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17309456?tool=bestpractice.com 其降低疾病严重程度评分的效果与外用酮康唑类似。
虽然局部用钙调磷酸酶抑制剂不如糖皮质激素有效,而且长期使用可能会增加癌症风险,但当担心皮肤出现萎缩时,可采用此药。[27]Cicek D, Kandi B, Bakar S, et al. Pimecrolimus 1% cream, methylprednisolone aceponate 0.1% cream and metronidazole 0.75% gel in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis: a randomized clinical study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2009;20:344-349.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954391?tool=bestpractice.com 另外,涂抹0.1%的他克莫司1周两次也有助于控制缓解期的脂溢性皮炎。[28]Kim TW, Mun JH, Jwa SW, et al. Proactive treatment of adult facial seborrhoeic dermatitis with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment: randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, multi-centre trial. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93:557-561.http://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/?doi=10.2340/00015555-1532&html=1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23388687?tool=bestpractice.com
泛发性或顽固的疾病
每日口服伊曲康唑或酮康唑持续两周来治疗泛发的或顽固的疾病。[8]Faergemann J. Severe seborrheic dermatitis. J Int Postgrad Med. 1990;2:18-20. 虽然在这组特定的病人中,口服抗真菌药是最后的选择,它的使用还存在争议,除了严重的类型例如艾滋病患者的暴发性脂溢性皮炎,此类药很少使用。[29]Groisser D, Bottone EJ, Lebwohl M. Association of Pityrosporum orbiculare (Malassezia furfur) with seborrheic dermatitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;20:770-773.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2523907?tool=bestpractice.com 系统性抗真菌药很少引起严重的药疹,包括Steven-Johnson综合征和中毒性表皮坏死。酮康唑可能导致重度肝损伤和肾上腺功能不全。2013 年 7 月,欧洲药品管理局人类药品委员会 (CHMP) 不建议使用口服酮康唑治疗真菌感染,因为治疗效果不再大于其带来的风险。所以,一些国家可能已限制或不再使用口服酮康唑。这个提议并没有限制局部使用酮康唑。[30]Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Oral ketoconazole: do not prescribe or use for fungal infections—risk of liver injury outweighs benefits. August 2013. https://www.gov.uk/ (last accessed 2 February 2017).https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/oral-ketoconazole-do-not-prescribe-or-use-for-fungal-infections-risk-of-liver-injury-outweighs-benefits[31]European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of marketing authorisations for oral ketoconazole. July 2013. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/ (last accessed 2 February 2017).http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2013/07/news_detail_001855.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1 美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 建议,在危及生命的真菌感染时,如果没有替代治疗或替代治疗无法耐受时,且潜在疗效超过风险时,才推荐使用口服酮康唑。伴有肝脏疾病的患者禁用酮康唑。如果使用,应在治疗前和治疗期间监测肝脏和肾上腺皮质功能。[32]US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA limits usage of Nizoral (ketoconazole) oral tablets due to potentially fatal liver injury and risk of drug interactions and adrenal gland problems. July 2013. http://www.fda.gov/ (last accessed 2 February 2017).http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm362415.htm