可以采取保守或手术治疗,治疗方法的选择取决于有无症状、患者年龄及是否存在感染。[1]Pundir J, Auld BJ. A review of the management of diseases of the Bartholin's gland. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;28:161-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18393010?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Cobellis PL, Stradella L, De Lucia E, et al. Alcohol sclerotherapy: a new method for Bartholin gland cyst treatment. Minerva Ginecol. 2006;58:245-248.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16783297?tool=bestpractice.com
手术治疗的目的是保留腺体功能,防止疾病复发。[22]Cho JY, Ahn MO, Cha KS. Window operation: an alternative treatment method for Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;76:886-888.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2216242?tool=bestpractice.com较小的无症状囊肿可能不需任何治疗。[6]Kaufman RH, Faro S, Brown D. Benign diseases of the vulva and vagina. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2005:240-249.[18]Hill DA, Lense JJ. Office management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. Am Fam Physician. 1998;57:1611-1616, 1619-1620.http://www.aafp.org/afp/980401ap/hill.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9556648?tool=bestpractice.com较大囊肿更可能有症状。以往曾经提出多种手术方法,目的是重建一个新的腺管开口以便持续引流,或者破坏囊肿壁内层。[1]Pundir J, Auld BJ. A review of the management of diseases of the Bartholin's gland. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;28:161-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18393010?tool=bestpractice.com无论所用方法是什么,手术的总体成功率(以无肿胀和不适感以及保持腺体分泌物通畅引流为标准)为 85%。
各种治疗方法对于孕妇都不是禁忌,但妊娠期间盆腔血流增加,可能导致手术时出血过多。[18]Hill DA, Lense JJ. Office management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. Am Fam Physician. 1998;57:1611-1616, 1619-1620.http://www.aafp.org/afp/980401ap/hill.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9556648?tool=bestpractice.com除非囊肿阻塞阴道(软产道难产),否则应当待孕妇分娩后再手术。
一项meta分析发现,关于最佳的一种治疗方案,尚未达成明确的共识。[23]Wechter ME, Wu JM, Marzano D, et al. Management of Bartholin duct cysts and abscesses: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2009;64:395-404.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19445813?tool=bestpractice.com
无症状
对于较小、静止、无症状的前庭大腺囊肿,不需治疗,采用坐浴或热敷有助于腺体分泌物的引流。[19]Scott PM. Draining a cyst or abscess in a Bartholin's gland with a Word catheter. JAAPA. 2003;16:51-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14758689?tool=bestpractice.com年龄在 40 岁以下的女性,通常不需要进一步治疗。[2]Wilkinson EJ, Stone IK. Atlas of vulvar disease. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1995:11-13.[6]Kaufman RH, Faro S, Brown D. Benign diseases of the vulva and vagina. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2005:240-249.[18]Hill DA, Lense JJ. Office management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. Am Fam Physician. 1998;57:1611-1616, 1619-1620.http://www.aafp.org/afp/980401ap/hill.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9556648?tool=bestpractice.com超过 40 岁时,必须考虑恶性肿瘤的可能性,可能需要活检。但是,一旦排除恶性肿瘤,对于单纯的、无症状囊肿,则应采用相同的处理方法。
有症状
任何保留腺体功能和防止囊肿和脓肿形成的操作都优于腺体切除术。[6]Kaufman RH, Faro S, Brown D. Benign diseases of the vulva and vagina. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2005:240-249.与前庭大腺囊肿切除术相关的并发症发生率比通常认识到的更频发,这些并发症包括蜂窝织炎、囊肿复发、术中与术后出血、血肿及瘢痕组织疼痛。[6]Kaufman RH, Faro S, Brown D. Benign diseases of the vulva and vagina. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2005:240-249.如果不存在蜂窝织炎,无需抗生素治疗。[1]Pundir J, Auld BJ. A review of the management of diseases of the Bartholin's gland. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;28:161-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18393010?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Omole F, Simmons BJ, Hacker Y. Management of Bartholin's duct cyst and gland abscess. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68:135-140.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/0701/p135.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12887119?tool=bestpractice.com超过 80%的前庭大腺囊肿囊内液培养和约33%的前庭大腺脓肿脓液培养都无细菌生长。[19]Scott PM. Draining a cyst or abscess in a Bartholin's gland with a Word catheter. JAAPA. 2003;16:51-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14758689?tool=bestpractice.com如果存在蜂窝织炎,建议使用广谱抗生素,因为常为多种微生物感染。存在蜂窝织炎的糖尿病患者需要仔细观察,因为这些患者易于发生坏死性感染。应考虑住院治疗。
造口术[24]Davis GD. Management of Bartholin duct cysts with the carbon dioxide laser. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;65:279-280.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3918283?tool=bestpractice.com
造口术是在囊肿壁和阴唇皮肤之间再造一个新的腺管开口,其部位接近正常的腺管开口位置。[8]Azzan BB. Bartholin's cyst and abscess: a review of treatment of 53 cases. Br J Clin Pract. 1978;32:101-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/666961?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Jacobson P. Marsupialization of vulvovaginal (Bartholin) cysts: report of 140 patients with 152 cysts. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1960;79:73-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14406421?tool=bestpractice.com这可以保持腺体分泌物排出通畅,因而不失去其分泌功能。无论囊肿是否感染、破裂或为复发囊肿,手术方式类似,操作稍有改变。[10]Marzano DA, Haefner HK. The Bartholin gland cyst: past, present, and future. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2004;8:195-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15874863?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Jacobson P. Marsupialization of vulvovaginal (Bartholin) cysts: report of 140 patients with 152 cysts. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1960;79:73-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14406421?tool=bestpractice.com然而,如果感染伴有显著炎症和坏死,缝合会拉穿组织,不易实施造口术。可以在阴部神经阻滞或局部麻醉下实施该操作,[10]Marzano DA, Haefner HK. The Bartholin gland cyst: past, present, and future. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2004;8:195-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15874863?tool=bestpractice.com这是许多临床医生首选的治疗方法。[8]Azzan BB. Bartholin's cyst and abscess: a review of treatment of 53 cases. Br J Clin Pract. 1978;32:101-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/666961?tool=bestpractice.com
该操作包括在处女膜环外、阴道口内,相当于正常腺管开口的部位做一个 1.5 至 2 cm 的切口。切开囊肿壁,间断缝合囊肿壁与前庭处皮肤边缘。如果初次缝合拉穿组织,可以尝试缝合更多的切缘组织。如果这样更多组织的缝合依然拉穿组织,不应当再尝试缝合。开口应当尽可能大,最好是足以容纳两指,因为在术后 1 至 3 周内,组织瘢痕挛缩,开口将缩小一半。[6]Kaufman RH, Faro S, Brown D. Benign diseases of the vulva and vagina. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2005:240-249.[8]Azzan BB. Bartholin's cyst and abscess: a review of treatment of 53 cases. Br J Clin Pract. 1978;32:101-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/666961?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Jacobson P. Marsupialization of vulvovaginal (Bartholin) cysts: report of 140 patients with 152 cysts. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1960;79:73-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14406421?tool=bestpractice.com建议术后坐浴,每天两次。
关于对这种操作技术的改良已有描述,包括使用二氧化碳激光来制作一个囊肿造口,不出血、无需缝合;[24]Davis GD. Management of Bartholin duct cysts with the carbon dioxide laser. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;65:279-280.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3918283?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Cheetham DR. Bartholin's cyst: marsupialization or aspiration? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;152:569-570.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4014349?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Di Donato V, Bellati F, Casorelli A, et al. CO2 laser treatment for Bartholin gland abscess: ultrasound evaluation of risk recurrence. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2013;20:346-352.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23380446?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Figueiredo AC, Duarte PE, Gomes TP, et al. Bartholin's gland cysts: management with carbon-dioxide laser vaporization. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2012;34:550-554.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-72032012001200004&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=enhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23329284?tool=bestpractice.com使用碘仿纱布填塞于切口,术后 1 周取出;做线性切口达囊腔,置橡胶管引流;切除椭圆形部分的囊肿内壁;或者切除椭圆形的组织,称为开窗术。[10]Marzano DA, Haefner HK. The Bartholin gland cyst: past, present, and future. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2004;8:195-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15874863?tool=bestpractice.com开窗术可能具有的优点包括复发率下降。[10]Marzano DA, Haefner HK. The Bartholin gland cyst: past, present, and future. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2004;8:195-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15874863?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Cho JY, Ahn MO, Cha KS. Window operation: an alternative treatment method for Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;76:886-888.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2216242?tool=bestpractice.com也有使用碘来确定解剖学上的最佳切口部位。[29]Hollyock VE. The use of iodine in the marsupialization of Bartholin's duct cysts. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1979;19:228-229.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/295642?tool=bestpractice.com
造口术的并发症包括中度疼痛、血肿形成、愈合延迟以及瘢痕形成导致的性交疼痛。[1]Pundir J, Auld BJ. A review of the management of diseases of the Bartholin's gland. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;28:161-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18393010?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Omole F, Simmons BJ, Hacker Y. Management of Bartholin's duct cyst and gland abscess. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68:135-140.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/0701/p135.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12887119?tool=bestpractice.com复发率在 2% 至 25% 之间。[1]Pundir J, Auld BJ. A review of the management of diseases of the Bartholin's gland. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;28:161-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18393010?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Marzano DA, Haefner HK. The Bartholin gland cyst: past, present, and future. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2004;8:195-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15874863?tool=bestpractice.com
导管引流
Word 导管引流是一种安全、简单、有效的门诊治疗方法,是造口术的合理替代方法。[17]Haider J, Condous G, Kirk E, et al. The simple outpatient management of Bartholin's abscess using the Word catheter: a preliminary study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;47:137-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17355304?tool=bestpractice.com用于插管的切口应当选在处女膜环外面、阴道口内,正常腺管开口部位。如果囊肿太深,放置导管有困难,可能无法实施置管术。由于可用性和导管易脱落,临床使用受到限制。[30]Kushnir VA, Mosquera C. Novel technique for management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. J Emerg Med. 2009;36:388-390.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19038518?tool=bestpractice.com插管使用10F Foley导管,导管长 2 至 3 cm。一端装有一个密封塞,另一端是一个 5 mL 容量的可扩张乳胶球囊。[6]Kaufman RH, Faro S, Brown D. Benign diseases of the vulva and vagina. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2005:240-249.导管应当留置 4 至 6 周,使造口处的上皮形成。[2]Wilkinson EJ, Stone IK. Atlas of vulvar disease. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1995:11-13.[6]Kaufman RH, Faro S, Brown D. Benign diseases of the vulva and vagina. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2005:240-249.置管后 24 小时持续疼痛和不适感表明球囊过大。抽出球囊中的一些液体,即可轻易矫正上述问题。
放置 Word 导管包括以下步骤:
一项研究考察了 30 名前庭大腺囊肿或脓肿患者在接受 Word 导管治疗期间的生活质量和性行为,发现从初次就诊到治疗结束时性行为的不适和疼痛得到显著缓解。[31]Reif P, Elsayed H, Ulrich D, et al. Quality of life and sexual activity during treatment of Bartholin's cyst or abscess with a Word catheter. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2015;190:76-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25800788?tool=bestpractice.com这是目前论述前庭大腺囊肿治疗过程中生活质量和性行为的唯一一项研究,其结果因研究方法学而受到限制,包括缺少对照组。
雅各比环导管要做 2 个引流管道而非 1 个,被认为与 Word 插管同样有效。[32]Gennis P, Li SF, Provataris J, et al. Jacobi ring catheter treatment of Bartholin's abscesses. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23:414-415.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15915435?tool=bestpractice.com也有关于采用由蝴蝶Vacutainer管制作的小环状导管,进行类似操作的描述。将一根薇乔缝线穿过导管腔,拉动导管穿过在囊腔壁所做的 2 个小切口,打结固定,从而制作了一个穿过囊腔的环状引流管。[30]Kushnir VA, Mosquera C. Novel technique for management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. J Emerg Med. 2009;36:388-390.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19038518?tool=bestpractice.com
切除
在 20 世纪 60 年代后期之前,囊肿导管或腺体切除术一直是前庭大腺囊肿标准的主要治疗方法。[1]Pundir J, Auld BJ. A review of the management of diseases of the Bartholin's gland. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;28:161-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18393010?tool=bestpractice.com目前它不再是初治手术的标准治疗,但可能需要用于复发性囊肿。前庭大腺的缺失可能导致外阴干燥,伴有重度瘙痒、烧灼感与性交疼痛。[8]Azzan BB. Bartholin's cyst and abscess: a review of treatment of 53 cases. Br J Clin Pract. 1978;32:101-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/666961?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Hill DA, Lense JJ. Office management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. Am Fam Physician. 1998;57:1611-1616, 1619-1620.http://www.aafp.org/afp/980401ap/hill.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9556648?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Jacobson P. Marsupialization of vulvovaginal (Bartholin) cysts: report of 140 patients with 152 cysts. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1960;79:73-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14406421?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Heah J. Methods of treatment for cysts and abscesses of Bartholin's gland. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;95:321-322.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3382606?tool=bestpractice.com
应在全身麻醉下,由有经验的妇科医生实施这项手术,因为囊肿下方的静脉丛损伤可能导致出血过量[1]Pundir J, Auld BJ. A review of the management of diseases of the Bartholin's gland. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;28:161-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18393010?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Marzano DA, Haefner HK. The Bartholin gland cyst: past, present, and future. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2004;8:195-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15874863?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Ruch RM, Clayton EM Jr. Bartholin cystectomy: paraffin technique. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1958;75:1055-1058.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13520828?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Hill DA, Lense JJ. Office management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. Am Fam Physician. 1998;57:1611-1616, 1619-1620.http://www.aafp.org/afp/980401ap/hill.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9556648?tool=bestpractice.com如果此前曾经多次尝试引流囊肿或脓肿,囊肿与周围组织形成粘连,则实施切除手术困难。如果存在活动性感染,则不应实施该手术。[10]Marzano DA, Haefner HK. The Bartholin gland cyst: past, present, and future. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2004;8:195-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15874863?tool=bestpractice.com液状石蜡可能有助于囊壁剥离。[16]Ruch RM, Clayton EM Jr. Bartholin cystectomy: paraffin technique. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1958;75:1055-1058.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13520828?tool=bestpractice.com
囊肿切除的并发症包括出血、血肿形成、蜂窝织炎、脓毒症、直肠损伤、外阴外形毁损及瘢痕组织形成。[10]Marzano DA, Haefner HK. The Bartholin gland cyst: past, present, and future. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2004;8:195-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15874863?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Ruch RM, Clayton EM Jr. Bartholin cystectomy: paraffin technique. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1958;75:1055-1058.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13520828?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Hill DA, Lense JJ. Office management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. Am Fam Physician. 1998;57:1611-1616, 1619-1620.http://www.aafp.org/afp/980401ap/hill.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9556648?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Cho JY, Ahn MO, Cha KS. Window operation: an alternative treatment method for Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;76:886-888.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2216242?tool=bestpractice.com
囊肿腔内液抽吸和切开引流
囊肿抽吸已被使用,其治愈率高达 85%,但是现已不鼓励使用,更倾向于采用腺管开口重建的干预方法。[26]Cheetham DR. Bartholin's cyst: marsupialization or aspiration? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;152:569-570.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4014349?tool=bestpractice.com切开和引流操作快捷、易行,可立即缓解病情,但有较高的复发率。[1]Pundir J, Auld BJ. A review of the management of diseases of the Bartholin's gland. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;28:161-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18393010?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Hill DA, Lense JJ. Office management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. Am Fam Physician. 1998;57:1611-1616, 1619-1620.http://www.aafp.org/afp/980401ap/hill.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9556648?tool=bestpractice.com此外,因为瘢痕形成会使后续导管置入或造口术更困难,因而不推荐切开引流术。
硝酸银烧灼
硝酸银是一种简单、经济有效的杀菌药物和化学硬化剂。曾有关于使用该药在门诊治疗囊肿和脓肿的描述。[10]Marzano DA, Haefner HK. The Bartholin gland cyst: past, present, and future. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2004;8:195-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15874863?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Yüce J, Zeyneloglu HB, Bükülmez O, et al. Outpatient management of Bartholin gland abscesses and cysts with silver nitrate. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;34:93-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8053887?tool=bestpractice.com使用硝酸银的益处包括早期和晚期并发症的发病率低、囊肿复发率低以及避免了缝合。[34]Yüce J, Zeyneloglu HB, Bükülmez O, et al. Outpatient management of Bartholin gland abscesses and cysts with silver nitrate. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;34:93-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8053887?tool=bestpractice.com一项前瞻性随机对照试验发现,使用硝酸银与造口术同样有效,并且采用硝酸银治疗的瘢痕形成较少。[35]Ozdegirmenci O, Kayikcioglu F, Haberal A. Prospective randomized study of marsupialization versus silver nitrate application in the management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2009;16:149-152.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19598336?tool=bestpractice.com并发症包括阴唇或周围黏膜的化学灼伤、阴唇水肿、血性或脓性分泌物、囊肿复发。[10]Marzano DA, Haefner HK. The Bartholin gland cyst: past, present, and future. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2004;8:195-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15874863?tool=bestpractice.com
乙醇硬化疗法
与抽吸术相比,通过乙醇灌注实施硬化疗法可缩短治疗时间,降低复发率。[21]Cobellis PL, Stradella L, De Lucia E, et al. Alcohol sclerotherapy: a new method for Bartholin gland cyst treatment. Minerva Ginecol. 2006;58:245-248.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16783297?tool=bestpractice.com必须完全排出所注射的乙醇,以避免囊壁坏死。乙醇硬化疗法与硝酸银烧灼同样有效,但并发症更少,愈合时间更短。随访 24 个月,未见复发。
前庭大腺脓肿
如果脓肿出脓头,然后自发破裂,通常只需常规坐浴、广谱抗生素和镇痛等保守治疗。[18]Hill DA, Lense JJ. Office management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. Am Fam Physician. 1998;57:1611-1616, 1619-1620.http://www.aafp.org/afp/980401ap/hill.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9556648?tool=bestpractice.com对于小脓肿,可以通过局部湿热敷或常规坐浴治疗。这可加快脓肿自发引流或发展到适合切开引流的阶段。[6]Kaufman RH, Faro S, Brown D. Benign diseases of the vulva and vagina. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2005:240-249.[18]Hill DA, Lense JJ. Office management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. Am Fam Physician. 1998;57:1611-1616, 1619-1620.http://www.aafp.org/afp/980401ap/hill.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9556648?tool=bestpractice.com在脓肿切开引流后,有高达 15% 的病例复发。偶然情况下,使用广谱抗生素早期治疗感染可以防止脓肿形成。
自发破裂或手术引流后,推荐使用广谱抗生素,并可考虑置入导管。填塞脓肿腔或将导管留在原位,使得引流通道形成,并可降低复发风险。[30]Kushnir VA, Mosquera C. Novel technique for management of Bartholin gland cysts and abscesses. J Emerg Med. 2009;36:388-390.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19038518?tool=bestpractice.com根治性手术治疗最好延迟至活动性感染和炎症得到控制。缺乏支持特殊处置方法的证据,处置不当,脓肿可能复发。