鞘膜积液

腹股沟嵌顿疝和鞘膜积液鉴别可能比较困难。

腹股沟的超声会显示腹股沟管的前后径异常膨胀。偶尔可以见到一段网膜（脂肪）或一段肠管。

睾丸癌通常是坚硬，固定的肿块，不透光。然而，肿瘤的周围可能有反应性的鞘膜积液，而这些积液是透光的。

阴囊超声检查可以明确诊断。[18]Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M, et al. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227:18-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12616012?tool=bestpractice.com睾丸肿瘤标志物，如甲胎蛋白或β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素，也可以用来显示肿瘤活性。

临床上患者有阴囊疼痛和压痛，可见局部炎症改变。[19]Sandlow JI, Winfield HN, Goldstein M. Surgery of the scrotum and seminal vesicles. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, et al, eds. Campbell-Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2007:1105-1106.

彩色多普勒超声检查能够明确诊断。[2]Schneck FX, Bellinger MF. Abnormalities of testis and scrotum and their surgical management. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, et al, eds. Campbell-Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2007:3761-3798.

阴囊疼痛及肿胀。临床上，患者阴囊疼痛肿胀，可见局部炎症反应。[19]Sandlow JI, Winfield HN, Goldstein M. Surgery of the scrotum and seminal vesicles. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, et al, eds. Campbell-Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2007:1105-1106.

彩色多普勒超声检查可明确诊断。[2]Schneck FX, Bellinger MF. Abnormalities of testis and scrotum and their surgical management. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, et al, eds. Campbell-Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2007:3761-3798.

阴囊肿块可透光。囊肿的位置有助于诊断。囊肿可触及与睾丸分离，位于睾丸后上方。[19]Sandlow JI, Winfield HN, Goldstein M. Surgery of the scrotum and seminal vesicles. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, et al, eds. Campbell-Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2007:1105-1106.

阴囊超声检查可协助诊断。

阴囊壁增厚。

诊断最好经阴囊检查后做出。阴囊超声可能有助于诊断。[18]Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M, et al. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227:18-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12616012?tool=bestpractice.com

明显触痛，睾丸抬高，失去原位置，以及提睾反射消失是睾丸扭转的特征。

彩色多普勒超声检查可明确诊断。[2]Schneck FX, Bellinger MF. Abnormalities of testis and scrotum and their surgical management. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, et al, eds. Campbell-Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2007:3761-3798.

体格检查做Valsalva动作时触及增粗的曲张静脉具有诊断意义。

体格检查是诊断性的，但彩色多普勒超声检查可明确诊断。[2]Schneck FX, Bellinger MF. Abnormalities of testis and scrotum and their surgical management. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, et al, eds. Campbell-Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2007:3761-3798.