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Molitch ME. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas: a review. JAMA. 2017;317:516-524.

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Molitch ME. Pathologic hyperprolactinemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1992;21:877-901.

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Vance ML. Endocrinological evaluation of acromegaly. J Neurosurg. 1998;89:499-500.

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Elamin MB, Murad MH, Mullan R, et al. Accuracy of diagnostic tests for Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalyses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1553-1562.

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Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1526-40.

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1.  Arafah BM, Nasrallah MP. Pituitary tumors: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2001;8:287-305.

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2.  Molitch ME. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas: a review. JAMA. 2017;317:516-524.

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3.  Daly AF, Tichomirowa MA, Beckers A. The epidemiology and genetics of pituitary adenomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;23:543-554.

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4.  Morris Z, Whiteley WN, Longstreth WT Jr, et al. Incidental findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009;339:b3016.

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5.  Colao A, Loche S, Cappa M, et al. Prolactinomas in children and adolescents: clinical presentation and long-term follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:2777-2780.

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6.  Randall RV, Scheithauer BW, Laws ER Jr, et al. Pituitary adenomas associated with hyperprolactinemia: a clinical and immunohistochemical study of 97 patients operated on transsphenoidally. Mayo Clin Proc. 1985;60:753-762.

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7.  Jagannathan J, Dumont AS, Jane JA Jr, et al. Pediatric sellar tumors: diagnostic procedures and management. Neurosurg Focus. 2005;18:E6.

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8.  Nieman LK. Medical therapy of Cushing's disease. Pituitary. 2002;5:77-82.

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9.  Klibanski A. Nonsecreting pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1987;16:793-804.

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10.  Yamada S, Asa SL, Kovacs K, et al. Analysis of hormone secretion by clinically nonfunctioning human pituitary adenomas using the reverse hemolytic plaque assay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68:73-80.

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11.  Socin HV, Chanson P, Delemer B, et al. The changing spectrum of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas: diagnosis and management in 43 patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;148:433-442.

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12.  Beck-Peccoz P, Brucker-Davis F, Persani L, et al. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors. Endocr Rev. 1996;17:610-638.

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13.  Schubiger O, Haller D. Metastases to the pituitary-hypothalamic axis: an MR study of 7 symptomatic patients. Neuroradiology. 1992;34:131-134.

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14.  Heaney AP. Clinical review: Pituitary carcinoma: difficult diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:3649-3660.

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15.  Jadhav RN, Dahiwadkar HV, Palande DA. Abscess formation in invasive pituitary adenoma: case report. Neurosurgery. 1998;43:616-619.

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16.  Dalan R, Leow MK. Pituitary abscess: our experience with a case and a review of the literature. Pituitary. 2008;11:299-306.

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17.  Abbott J, Kirkby GR. Acute visual loss and pituitary apoplexy after surgery. BMJ. 2004;329:218-219.

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18.  Mohr G, Hardy J. Hemorrhage, necrosis, and apoplexy in pituitary adenomas. Surg Neurol. 1982;18:181-189.

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19.  Levy A. Hazards of dynamic testing of pituitary function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003;58:543-544.

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20.  Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al. Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:894-904.

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21.  Molitch ME. Pathologic hyperprolactinemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1992;21:877-901.

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22.  Fukuda I, Hizuka N, Murakami Y, et al. Clinical features and therapeutic outcomes of 65 patients with acromegaly at Tokyo Women's Medical University. Intern Med. 2001;40:987-992.

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23.  Vance ML. Endocrinological evaluation of acromegaly. J Neurosurg. 1998;89:499-500.

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24.  Lindholm J. Cushing's syndrome: historical aspects. Pituitary. 2000;3:97-104.

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25.  Cappabianca P, Cirillo S, Alfieri A, et al. Pituitary macroadenoma and diaphragma sellae meningioma: differential diagnosis on MRI. Neuroradiology. 1999;41:22-26.

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26.  Pinzer T, Krishnan KG, Schackert G. The diaphragma sellae meningioma: a rare differential diagnosis of non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Zentralbl Neurochir. 2004;65:195-197.

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27.  Famini P, Maya MM, Melmed S. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging for sellar and parasellar masses: ten-year experience in 2598 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1633-1641.

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28.  Chin BM, Orlandi RR, Wiggins RH 3rd. Evaluation of the sellar and parasellar regions. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2012;20:515-543.

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29.  Shrivastava RK, Arginteanu MS, King WA, et al. Giant prolactinomas: clinical management and long-term follow up. J Neurosurg. 2002;97:299-306.

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30.  Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al; Endocrine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:273-288.

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31.  Raff H. Utility of salivary cortisol measurements in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:3647-3655.

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32.  Elamin MB, Murad MH, Mullan R, et al. Accuracy of diagnostic tests for Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalyses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1553-1562.

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33.  Carroll T, Raff H, Findling JW. Late-night salivary cortisol for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome: a meta-analysis. Endocr Pract. 2009;15:335-342.

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34.  Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1526-40.

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35.  Jho DH, Biller BM, Agarwalla PK, et al. Pituitary apoplexy: large surgical series with grading system. World Neurosurg. 2014;82:781-790.

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