治疗目标为减轻发作时的痛苦及缩短发作时间。 阵发性紧张型头痛通常可自行缓解。 治疗旨在改善短期药物的效果,降低阵发性紧张型头痛演变为慢性紧张型头痛的概率。
急症医学
阵发性发作一般对简单镇痛反应良好,例如对乙酰氨基酚、布洛芬,或阿司匹林。[12]Stephens G, Derry S, Moore RA. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute treatment of episodic tension-type headache in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD011889.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011889.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27306653?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA, et al. Ibuprofen for acute treatment of episodic tension-type headache in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(7):CD011474.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011474.pub2/full[14]Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA. Aspirin for acute treatment of episodic tension-type headache in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(1):CD011888.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011888.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28084009?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of 1000 mg paracetamol (acetaminophen) for adults with episodic tension-type headache?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2031/full显示答案 无论使用任何药物进行治疗,都必须尽早给予足够的剂量。指南建议应避免联合使用简单镇痛药与布他比妥(一种巴比妥酸盐),因为引发药物过度使用性头痛的风险将增加。[15]Bendtsen L, Evers S, Linde M, et al. EFNS guideline on the treatment of tension-type headache - report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Nov;17(11):1318-25.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03070.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20482606?tool=bestpractice.com
如果发作次数变得频繁,由于进展为慢性紧张型头痛的风险较高,强效镇痛药的使用受到一定的限制。 这可能是由于“药物滥用综合征”导致(也称为“止痛反弹”),在这种情况下,强效镇痛药无法缓解疼痛,反而会导致疼痛加剧或者疼痛时间延长。 停药也会导致头痛在短期恶化,但有必要实施停药来打破这种效应。 具体机制尚不明确。 有必要实施预防措施。 因为根据定义,紧张型头痛发作很少引起患者生活能力受损,所以从不推荐阿片类镇痛药;如果需要的话,应重新考虑诊断紧张型头痛是否正确。 在极少数情况下,常规镇痛药不起作用,紧张型头痛患者会要求使用注射用药物(如止吐药、镇痛药)来进行治疗。[16]Weinman D, Nicastro O, Akala O, et al. Parenteral treatment of episodic tension-type headache: a systematic review. Headache. 2014 Feb;54(2):260-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24433525?tool=bestpractice.com 诸如此类,诊断为紧张型头痛的患者出现日常生活能力受损,往往是误诊,大部分患者是偏头痛。[17]Friedman BW, Adewunmi V, Campbell C, et al. A randomized trial of intravenous ketorolac versus intravenous metoclopramide plus diphenhydramine for tension-type and all nonmigraine, noncluster recurrent headaches. Ann Emerg Med. 2013 Oct;62(4):311-8;e4.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4278365/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23567060?tool=bestpractice.com
预防治疗
每个月头痛出现7~9次以上患者需预防性用药。低剂量三环类抗抑郁药可能减少发作的频率和强度;有证据支持阿米替林在慢性紧张型头痛中的应用。症状持续时间和频率:有中等质量的证据表明,对于患有中度到重度慢性紧张型头痛的人群,阿米替林可以更有效地减少头痛持续时间和频率。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 所使用的剂量通常小于用于治疗抑郁症的剂量范围,即使抑郁症合并于紧张型头痛。[18]Diamond S, Baltes BJ. Chronic tension headache - treated with amitriptyline - a double blind study. Headache. 1971 Oct;11(3):110-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4940167?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Göbel H, Hamouz V, Hansen, et al. Chronic tension-type headache: amitriptyline reduces clinical headache-duration and experimental pain sensitivity but does not alter pericranial muscle activity readings. Pain. 1994 Nov;59(2):241-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7892022?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Holroyd KA, O'Donnell FJ, Stensland M, et al. Management of chronic tension-type headache with tricyclic antidepressant medication, stress management therapy, and their combination: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001 May 2;285(17):2208-15.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/285/17/2208http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11325322?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,其镇痛效果具有剂量依赖性,低剂量可能无法减少疼痛,此时可尝试使用较高剂量。如果一种三环抗抑郁药无法缓解症状,或不耐受,则应考虑使用其他药物。在慢性紧张型头痛的治疗中,少有证据支持选择性五羟色胺再摄取抑制剂治疗有效。[21]Banzi R, Cusi C, Randazzo C, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for the prevention of tension-type headache in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(5):CD011681.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011681/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25931277?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the effects of SSRIs and SNRIs in people with tension-type headache?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.835/full显示答案 小型研究表明,文拉法辛或米氮平可能在慢性紧张型头痛的治疗中具有价值。[22]Adelman LC, Adelman JU, Von Seggern R, et al. Venlafaxine extended release (XR) for the prophylaxis of migraine and tension-type headache: a retrospective study in a clinical setting. Headache. 2000 Jul-Aug;40(7):572-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10940096?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Bendtsen L, Evers S, Linde M, et al. EFNS guideline on the treatment of tension-type headache - report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Nov;17(11):1318-25.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03070.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20482606?tool=bestpractice.com
少有证据支持肌松剂治疗紧张型头痛的疗效,目前被认为是三环类抗抑郁药治疗无效时的二线药物。[23]Fogelholm R, Murros K. Tizanidine in chronic tension-type headache: a placebo controlled double-blind cross-over study. Headache. 1992 Nov;32(10):509-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1468911?tool=bestpractice.com 替扎尼定可使用3-6个月,然后停药。 症状复发可能提示适合进一步替扎尼定治疗。 此类药物治疗紧张型头痛的最佳治疗时间还没明确证据证实。[24]Aoki KR. Evidence for the antinociceptive activity of the botulinum toxin type A in pain management. Headache. 2003 Jul-Aug;43(suppl 1):S9-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12887389?tool=bestpractice.com
非药物治疗
放松训练、肌电图生物反馈、[25]Nestoriuc Y, Rief W, Martin A. Meta-analysis of biofeedback for tension-type headache: efficacy, specificity, and treatment moderators. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008 Jun;76(3):379-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18540732?tool=bestpractice.com 认知行为疗法,和肌筋膜触发点聚焦按摩[26]Moraska AF, Stenerson L, Butryn N, et al. Myofascial trigger point-focused head and neck massage for recurrent tension-type headache: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin J Pain. 2015 Feb;31(2):159-68.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4286457/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25329141?tool=bestpractice.com 上述所有治疗已被证明可减缓紧张型头痛。音乐疗法在紧张型头痛中的治疗效果尚不明确。[27]Koenig J, Oelkers-Ax R, Kaess M, et al. Specific music therapy techniques in the treatment of primary headache disorders in adolescents: a randomized attention-placebo-controlled trial. J Pain. 2013 Oct;14(10):1196-207.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23876282?tool=bestpractice.com 短暂正念疗法可能在慢性紧张型头痛中具有价值。[28]Cathcart S, Galatis N, Immink M, et al. Brief mindfulness-based therapy for chronic tension-type headache: a randomized controlled pilot study. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2014 Jan;42(1):1-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23552390?tool=bestpractice.com 物理措施,[29]Torelli P, Jensen R, Olesen J. Physiotherapy for tension-type headache: a controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2004 Jan;24(1):29-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14687010?tool=bestpractice.com 包括物理治疗,[30]Holroyd KA, Pensien DB. Client variables in the behavioral treatment of recurrent tension headache: a meta-analytic review. J Behav Med. 1986 Dec;9(6):515-36.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3550097?tool=bestpractice.com[31]McCrory D, Penzien D, Hasselblad V, et al. Behavioral and physical treatments for tension-type and cervicogenic headache. (Report No. 2085.) Des Moines, IA: Foundation for Chiropractic Education and Research; 2001. 针刺疗法[32]Sun Y, Gan TJ. Acupuncture for the management of chronic headache: a systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2008 Dec;107(6):2038-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0025701/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020156?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Linde K, Allais G, Brinkhaus B, et al. Acupuncture for the prevention of tension-type headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(4):CD007587.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007587.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27092807?tool=bestpractice.com 和脊柱推拿,[31]McCrory D, Penzien D, Hasselblad V, et al. Behavioral and physical treatments for tension-type and cervicogenic headache. (Report No. 2085.) Des Moines, IA: Foundation for Chiropractic Education and Research; 2001. 也可能有效,但是和催眠术一样,其有效性证据尚不充分。[34]Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Cleland JA, Palomeque-Del-Cerro L, et al. Development of a clinical prediction rule for identifying women with tension-type headache who are likely to achieve short-term success with joint mobilization and muscle trigger point therapy. Headache. 2011 Feb;51(2):246-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054361?tool=bestpractice.com 远程心理治疗的有效性是不能令人信服的。[35]Fisher E, Law E, Palermo TM, et al. Psychological therapies (remotely delivered) for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(3):CD011118.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011118.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25803793?tool=bestpractice.com 此类治疗方法可用于频繁发作或药物治疗无效患者, 还可以作为药物治疗的辅助方法。 但是,支持此类技术的应用和原理的研究较少,因为紧张型头痛的机制尚不清楚。
治疗失败
如果标准治疗失败,应重新考虑诊断。 根据病史,可能做出偏头痛的诊断。