男性因素不育的原因包括生精异常,生殖道异常或梗阻,性功能障碍和射精功能障碍,以及精子活力受损。
生精功能改变或许是男性不育症最常见的原因并且大多数病例病因不明。[2]European Association of Urology. Guidelines on male infertility. 2015. http://www.uroweb.org (last accessed 28 October 2016)https://uroweb.org/guideline/male-infertility/[6]Isidori A, Latini M, Romanelli F. Treatment of male infertility. Contraception. 2005;72:314-318.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16181978?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Patki P, Woodhouse J, Hamid R, et al. Effects of spinal cord injury on semen parameters. J Spinal Cord Med. 2008;31:27-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2435039/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18533408?tool=bestpractice.com 通过降低睾酮水平改变精子生成的因素包括肥胖、内分泌疾病以及暴露于药物或环境毒物。[4]Jensen TK, Andersson AM, Jorgensen N, et al. Body mass index in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormones among 1,558 Danish men. Fertil Steril. 2004;82:863-870.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15482761?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Shefi S, Turek PJ. Definition and current evaluation of subfertile men. Int Braz J Urol. 2006;32:385-397.http://www.brazjurol.com.br/july_august_2006/Turek_ing_385_397.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953904?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Cherry N, Labreche F, Collins J, et al. Occupational exposure to solvents and male infertility. Occup Environ Med. 2001;58:635-640.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1740054/pdf/v058p00635.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11555684?tool=bestpractice.com 其他对精子生成有直接有害影响的因素包括精索静脉曲张、阴囊温度升高、全身性疾病、吸烟、隐睾病史和饮酒史。[8]Shefi S, Turek PJ. Definition and current evaluation of subfertile men. Int Braz J Urol. 2006;32:385-397.http://www.brazjurol.com.br/july_august_2006/Turek_ing_385_397.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953904?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Kunzle R, Mueller MD, Hanggi W, et al. Semen quality of male smokers and nonsmokers in infertile couples. Fertil Steril. 2003;79:287-291.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12568836?tool=bestpractice.comY染色体缺失和其他染色体异常,例如Klinefelter's综合征(XXY)是相对少见的病因。[11]Huynh T, Mollard R, Trounson A. Selected genetic factors associated with male infertility. Hum Reprod Update. 2002;8:183-198.http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/8/2/183http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12099633?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Lanfranco F, Kamischke A, Zitzmann M, et al. Klinefelter's syndrome. Lancet. 2004;364:273-283.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15262106?tool=bestpractice.com 睾丸扭转和创伤也能影响精子生成。[13]Arap MA, Vicentini FC, Cocuzza M, et al. Late hormonal levels, semen parameters and presence of antisperm antibodies in patients treated for testicular torsion. J Androl. 2007;28:528-532.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17287456?tool=bestpractice.com
射精管梗阻可能是先天性的,例如先天性双侧输精管缺如,往往与囊性纤维化跨膜调节基因突变相关,也可能继发于附睾或前列腺感染,输精管切除术或外科手术(腹股沟疝修补术或未下降睾丸固定术)并发症,前列腺手术和一些药物可能与逆行射精有关。[2]European Association of Urology. Guidelines on male infertility. 2015. http://www.uroweb.org (last accessed 28 October 2016)https://uroweb.org/guideline/male-infertility/
勃起功能障碍和射精功能障碍可能与心理因素,性腺功能减退,脊髓疾病以及例如糖尿病等代谢与血管性疾病等相关。
不动纤毛综合征(Kartagener's)或抗精子抗体阳性的患者精子活力降低。