每十万名儿童中,有 25 到 34 例病例在麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹 (MMR) 疫苗接种后发病;有 6 到 9 例病例在白喉、破伤风和百日咳 (DTP) 疫苗接种后发病。[28]Barlow WE, Davis RL, Glasser JW, et al. CDC and Prevention Vaccine Safety Datalink Working Group. The risk of seizures after receipt of whole-cell pertussis or measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 30;345(9):656-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11547719?tool=bestpractice.com
DTP 疫苗接种当日以及 MMR 疫苗接种后的 7 到 14 天发病风险最高,恰好与疾病发热期吻合。[28]Barlow WE, Davis RL, Glasser JW, et al. CDC and Prevention Vaccine Safety Datalink Working Group. The risk of seizures after receipt of whole-cell pertussis or measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 30;345(9):656-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11547719?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD004407.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22336803?tool=bestpractice.com
采用无细胞百日咳疫苗后,DTP 所致的发病风险显著降低 (1997-1998);而 MMR 所致的疾病发生风险在 1995-1996 年和 1998-2001 年之间则没有明显改变。[30]Le Saux N, Barrowman NJ, Moore DL, et al. Decrease in hospital admissions for febrile seizures and reports of hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes presenting to hospital emergency departments since switching to acellular pertussis vaccine in Canada: a report from IMPACT. Pediatrics. 2003 Nov;112(5):e348.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/5/e348.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14595075?tool=bestpractice.com
MMR-水痘联合疫苗接种较 MMR和水痘疫苗分开接种有更高的发作风险。[31]Klein NP, Fireman B, Yih WK, et al. Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combination vaccine and the risk of febrile seizures. Pediatrics. 2010 Jul;126(1):e1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587679?tool=bestpractice.com
在 3 个月和 5 个月进行白喉-破伤风毒素-无细胞百日咳疫苗-失活脊髓灰质炎疫苗-B 型流感嗜血杆菌疫苗联合接种 (DTaP-IPV-Hib) 时,接种当日发生热性惊厥的风险有小幅增加;但在 12 个月大接种时则不然。[32]Sun Y, Christensen J, Hviid A, et al. Risk of febrile seizures and epilepsy after vaccination with diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, and Haemophilus influenzae type B. JAMA. 2012 Feb 22;307(8):823-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22357833?tool=bestpractice.com
12 到 15 个月接种含麻疹成分疫苗比 16 到 23 个月接种发热和发作风险低。[33]Rowhani-Rahbar A, Fireman B, Lewis E, et al. Effect of age on the risk of fever and seizures following immunization with measles-containing vaccines in children. JAMA Pediatr. 2013 Dec;167(12):1111-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24126936?tool=bestpractice.com