蜂窝织炎的治疗目标是临床体征和症状的消退以及微生物的根除。 这通常通过使用全身抗生素治疗实现。 [
]Which antibiotic is the most effective in people with cellulitis and erysipelas?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.490/full显示答案 应根据个体情况决定采取口服或是静脉给药治疗。 应根据医生对疾病严重程度的评估决定给药途径和治疗背景。 应考虑的因素包括全身性体征或症状、合并症,以及对口服药物的耐受能力。 在英国,如果有合适的场所和专业人士,可在门诊进行抗生素静脉给药。[53]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Clinical knowledge summaries: cellulitis. Sept 2012 [internet publication].http://cks.nice.org.uk/cellulitis-acute 这也是一些其他国家的惯常做法。
在大多数情况下,半合成耐青霉素酶青霉素或第一代头孢菌素均为适当的经验疗法。[36]Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/59/2/e10.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24973422?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Pallin DJ, Binder WD, Allen MB, et al. Clinical trial: comparative effectiveness of cephalexin plus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus cephalexin alone for treatment of uncomplicated cellulitis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Jun;56(12):1754-62.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/12/1754.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23457080?tool=bestpractice.com 丹毒的治疗应遵循与治疗蜂窝织炎相同的原则。对于存在 I 型速发型超敏反应的严重青霉素过敏,适合使用非 β-内酰胺类抗生素。在某些情况下,可使用喹诺酮类药物,但临床医生应该注意氟喹诺酮类药物与致残、可能不可逆转的不良事件有关;它们通常作为皮肤和软组织感染的可替代的二线治疗选择。[55]U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA updates warnings for oral and injectable fluoroquinolone antibiotics due to disabling side effects. May 2016 [internet publication].https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm511530.htm
在越来越多不存在 MRSA 感染传统风险因素(例如,接触医疗卫生场所)的个人中,发现这一微生物是皮肤和软组织感染的病因。[35]Daum RS. Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 26;357(4):380-90. [Dosage error in text; published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1357.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17652653?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, et al. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. New Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 17;355(7):666-74.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa055356#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16914702?tool=bestpractice.com 关于社区获得性 MRSA 感染引起的不存在化脓病灶的蜂窝织炎,并无充分的文献记录。当怀疑或证实 MRSA 为蜂窝织炎的病因时,通常给予非 β-内酰胺类药物。[56]Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Feb 1;52(3):285-92.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/3/285.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21217178?tool=bestpractice.com 但也可使用对 MRSA 有活性的 β-内酰胺类药物头孢洛林。
在宿主免疫功能变化、糖尿病足部溃疡、存在咬伤或接触盐水或淡水的情况下,蜂窝织炎可能因非传统微生物导致,因此应对治疗进行相应调整。[36]Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/59/2/e10.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24973422?tool=bestpractice.com 限于某一解剖区域(例如肛周、面部)的蜂窝织炎可能提示需要针对特定微生物的靶向抗微生物治疗。[45]Swartz MN. Clinical practice: cellulitis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb 26;350(9):904-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14985488?tool=bestpractice.com
在合适时,抬高肢体可能能够加速蜂窝织炎的消退。
重病
免疫功能正常
免疫受损
蜂窝织炎并不常单独引起重病。但是初始治疗应覆盖 MRSA 和各种需氧革兰阴性菌(包括假单胞菌属)。[36]Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/59/2/e10.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24973422?tool=bestpractice.com
推荐的治疗为对 MRSA 具有活性的药物的胃肠外疗法加上抗假单胞菌的第三代头孢菌素。
上肢或下肢蜂窝织炎
全身性抗生素(主要为针对链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的 β-内酰胺类)给药为主要的治疗方法。 [
]Which antibiotic is the most effective in people with cellulitis and erysipelas?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.490/full显示答案 越来越多的发生于社区的皮肤和软组织感染与 MRSA 有关。[35]Daum RS. Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 26;357(4):380-90. [Dosage error in text; published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1357.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17652653?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, et al. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. New Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 17;355(7):666-74.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa055356#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16914702?tool=bestpractice.com 当 MRSA 被证实或怀疑为蜂窝织炎的病因时,一般需要使用非 β-内酰胺类抗生素。也可使用对 MRSA 有活性的 β-内酰胺类药物头孢洛林。关于 MRSA 感染引起的不存在化脓病灶的蜂窝织炎,并无充分的文献记录,[56]Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Feb 1;52(3):285-92.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/3/285.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21217178?tool=bestpractice.com 但这被认为是不常见的。[57]Eells SJ, Chira S, David CG, et al. Non-suppurative cellulitis: risk factors and its association with Staphylococcus aureus colonization in an area of endemic community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections. Epidemiol Infect. 2011 Apr;139(4):606-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20561389?tool=bestpractice.com 一项随机对照试验的结果表明,在不存在化脓病灶的情况下,没有必要对MRSA 进行经验治疗。[54]Pallin DJ, Binder WD, Allen MB, et al. Clinical trial: comparative effectiveness of cephalexin plus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus cephalexin alone for treatment of uncomplicated cellulitis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Jun;56(12):1754-62.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/12/1754.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23457080?tool=bestpractice.com 一项随机试验比较了克林霉素与甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑治疗非复杂性皮肤感染,结果提示两者的有效性相似。[58]Miller LG, Daum RS, Creech CB, et al. Clindamycin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for uncomplicated skin infections. N Engl J Med. 2015 Mar 19;372(12):1093-103.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1403789#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25785967?tool=bestpractice.com
非 MRSA 高发病率的社区
推荐全身性使用针对 β-溶血性链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有活性的抗生素。这可通过使用 β-内酰胺类抗生素实现:半合成耐青霉素酶青霉素或第一代头孢菌素。对于存在 I 型速发型超敏反应的严重青霉素过敏,适合使用非 β-内酰胺类抗生素。
具有 MRSA 感染风险的个人或在 MRSA 爆发/高发的社区中
仅凭临床特征不足以可靠地鉴别疾病是由甲氧西林敏感还是耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌引起的。如果患者或其密切接触的人有 MRSA 感染病史,则应怀疑这一微生物是导致蜂窝织炎的病因。其他存在风险的个体包括处于医院环境或长期接受诊疗的人、被监禁者、静脉吸毒者、军事人员、男男性行为者,以及运动团队成员。[35]Daum RS. Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 26;357(4):380-90. [Dosage error in text; published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1357.]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17652653?tool=bestpractice.com 建议的治疗包括万古霉素、克林霉素、利奈唑胺、达托霉素、多西环素和甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑,或例如特拉万星、达巴万星或奥利万星等其他糖肽。[56]Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Feb 1;52(3):285-92.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/3/285.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21217178?tool=bestpractice.com
面部或肛周蜂窝织炎或糖尿病足部溃疡
特定解剖区域内的或糖尿病背景下发生的蜂窝织炎可能与特定的微生物有关。 当蜂窝织炎主要累及面部时,应考虑 MRSA。
面部蜂窝织炎
在儿童中,面部蜂窝织炎往往是在接种结合疫苗前感染乙型流感嗜血杆菌所致。[59]Fisher RG, Benjamin DK Jr. Facial cellulitis in childhood: a changing spectrum. South Med J. 2002 Jul;95(7):672-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12144069?tool=bestpractice.com
选择的抗生素应包括对 MRSA 具有活性的抗生素。
肛周蜂窝织炎
化脓链球菌导致的肛周组织蜂窝织炎是一种公认的儿童疾病。[60]Rehder PA, Eliezer ET, Lane AT. Perianal cellulitis. Cutaneous group A streptococcal disease. Arch Dermatol. 1988 May;124(5):702-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3129994?tool=bestpractice.com
β-内酰胺类抗生素(例如,阿莫西林、青霉素)均对治疗有效。
糖尿病足部溃疡(开放性创伤)伴有相关的蜂窝织炎
与糖尿病足部溃疡相关的蜂窝织炎可能继发于需氧革兰氏阴性杆菌以及厌氧微生物感染。 如果溃疡不是新发的,则更是如此。
发生于不存在溃疡或轻度感染的糖尿病患者中的蜂窝织炎很有可能是由与无糖尿病患者中相同的革兰氏阳性病原体引起的,因而不需要选择不同的抗生素。
对于中度或严重感染的患者,选择的抗生素应包括对革兰氏阴性微生物具有活性的抗生素,可以是对 MRSA 及/或厌氧微生物有活性或无活性的抗生素。[56]Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Feb 1;52(3):285-92.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/3/285.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21217178?tool=bestpractice.com
眼眶/眶膈前
眼眶和眶膈前(眶周)蜂窝织炎在儿童中比在成人中更为常见。 必须对这 2 种病症进行区分,因为眼眶蜂窝织炎可影响视力,且需要手术方可治愈。
经验性静脉用抗生素必须具有抗肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的活性。[61]Durand ML. Periocular infections. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2005:1419-1425. 任何金黄色葡萄球菌均应被假定为耐甲氧西林。应使用对肺炎链球菌具有增强活性且覆盖 MRSA 的 β-内酰胺类(第三代头孢菌素)或喹诺酮类药物进行治疗。
特定环境接触
在特殊接触的背景下发生的蜂窝织炎可能是由较少见的微生物引起的。 如果发现接触了这些微生物,则可能需要改变疗法,以包含对这些微生物的活性。
咬伤(人、犬、猫)
对于与人类咬伤有关的蜂窝织炎,常见定植于口腔中的微生物(例如链球菌、厌氧菌及啮蚀艾肯菌)应被视为潜在病原体。
多杀性巴氏杆菌和二氧化碳噬纤维菌属常与狗或猫咬伤相关的蜂窝织炎有关。[36]Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/59/2/e10.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24973422?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Swartz MN. Clinical practice: cellulitis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb 26;350(9):904-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14985488?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Ramos JM, Cuenca-Estrella M, Esteban J, et al. Soft-tissue infection caused by Aeromonas hydrophila [in Spanish]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 1995 Oct;13(8):469-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8555306?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Bradaric N, Milas I, Luksic B, et al. Erysipelas-like cellulitis with Pasteurella multocida bacteremia after a cat bite. Croat Med J. 2000 Dec;41(4):446-9.http://www.cmj.hr/2000/41/4/11063772.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11063772?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Sarma PS, Mohanty S. Capnocytophaga cynodegmi cellulitis, bacteremia, and pneumonitis in a diabetic man. J Clin Microbiol. 2001 May;39(5):2028-9.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/39/5/2028http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11326042?tool=bestpractice.com
阿莫西林/克拉维酸或甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑是合适的治疗。
对于初次免疫史不明确或不完整的患者,尤其是患有与咬伤或穿刺伤相关的蜂窝织炎的患者,应考虑进行破伤风免疫。
接触淡水
对于在接触淡水的情况下发生的蜂窝织炎,应考虑气单胞菌属(例如,嗜水气单胞菌)为可能的致病病原体。[36]Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/59/2/e10.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24973422?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Swartz MN. Clinical practice: cellulitis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Feb 26;350(9):904-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14985488?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Ramos JM, Cuenca-Estrella M, Esteban J, et al. Soft-tissue infection caused by Aeromonas hydrophila [in Spanish]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 1995 Oct;13(8):469-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8555306?tool=bestpractice.com
喹诺酮为首选的治疗。
接触咸水
如果有咸水接触史,则应考虑由创伤弧菌引起的蜂窝织炎。在有慢性肝病的个体中,感染这一微生物的疾病可能威胁生命。[65]Chiang SR, Chuang YC. Vibrio vulnificus infection: clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and antimicrobial therapy. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2003 Jun;36(2):81-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12886957?tool=bestpractice.com
应使用多西环素联合或不联合头孢他啶或喹诺酮进行治疗。
免疫功能低下的患者
免疫功能变化的患者,例如器官移植受者或中性粒细胞减少症患者(中性粒细胞绝对值<1500 个细胞/μL),可能因更少见的微生物而罹患蜂窝织炎。除了链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌外,这些宿主中的潜在病原体可能包括需氧革兰阴性杆菌和真菌。[36]Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/59/2/e10.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24973422?tool=bestpractice.com对于中性粒细胞减少症患者,蜂窝织炎的经验性抗菌治疗必须包含抗假单胞菌药物。
对于实体器官移植受者,除了更常见的病因外,还应考虑需氧革兰阴性杆菌和非细菌性病原体(例如新型隐球菌)。
在这一背景下,包含广谱革兰氏阳性(包括 MRSA)和抗铜绿假单胞菌药物是至关重要的。
标准疗法未能改善的情况
表明治疗失败的特征包括临床表现的持续或恶化,例如发热和不适,或受累区域的红斑扩展。
在此情况下,应考虑耐药菌株感染、扩展至深部组织(例如坏死性筋膜炎)、脓肿形成或其他诊断。[41]Falagas ME, Vergidis PI. Narrative review: diseases that masquerade as infectious cellulitis. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jan 4;142(1):47-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15630108?tool=bestpractice.com 必须注意,慢性淋巴水肿或静脉功能不全背景下发生的蜂窝织炎常常消退缓慢。[32]Woo PC, Lum PN, Wong SS, et al. Cellulitis complicating lymphedema. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000 Apr;19(4):294-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10834819?tool=bestpractice.com
考虑到蜂窝织炎的常见病原,在治疗应答低的蜂窝织炎的处理中,建议将调整抗生素治疗以提供抗 MRSA 活性作为第一步。
复发性疾病
对于经历蜂窝织炎复发的患者,保持皮肤水分、控制慢性皮肤病(例如,趾间足癣)或在某些病例中采取抗生素预防治疗均可能有帮助。[66]Kremer M, Zuckerman R, Avraham Z, et al. Long-term antimicrobial therapy in the prevention of recurrent soft-tissue infections. J Infect. 1991 Jan;22(1):37-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2002231?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Babb RR, Spittell JA Jr, Martin WJ, et al. Prophylaxis of recurrent lymphangitis complicating lymphedema. JAMA. 1966 Mar 7;195(10):871-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12608187?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Sjoblom AC, Eriksson B, Jorup-Ronstrom C, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in recurrent erysipelas. Infection. 1993 Nov-Dec;21(6):390-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8132369?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Oh CC, Ko HC, Lee HY, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing recurrent cellulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2014 Jul;69(1):26-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24576824?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Thomas KS, Crook AM, Nunn AJ, et al. Dermatology Clinical Trials Network's PATCH I Trial Team. Penicillin to prevent recurrent leg cellulitis. N Engl J Med. 2013 May 2;368(18):1695-703.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1206300#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635049?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Dalal A, Eskin-Schwartz M, Mimouni D, et al. Interventions for the prevention of recurrent erysipelas and cellulitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 20;(6):CD009758.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009758.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28631307?tool=bestpractice.com [
]What are the benefits and harms of antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent cellulitis?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1831/full显示答案
疾病复发较为常见,尤其是在具有持续风险因素(例如淋巴水肿、静脉功能不全、足癣)的患者中。[8]Dankert J, Bouma J. Recurrent acute leg cellulitis after hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987 Aug;94(8):788-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3663535?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Baddour LM, Bisno AL. Recurrent cellulitis after coronary bypass surgery. JAMA. 1984 Feb 24;251(8):1049-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6607365?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Bjornsdottir S, Gottfredsson M, Thorisdottir AS, et al. Risk factors for acute cellulitis of the lower limb: a prospective case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15;41(10):1416-22.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/41/10/1416.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16231251?tool=bestpractice.com[29]McNamara DR, Tleyjeh IM, Berbari EF, et al. A predictive model of recurrent lower extremity cellulitis in a population-based cohort. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Apr 9;167(7):709-15.http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/167/7/709http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17420430?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Dupuy A, Benchikhi H, Roujeau JC, et al. Risk factors for erysipelas of the leg (cellulitis): case-control study. BMJ. 1999 Jun 12;318(7198):1591-4.http://www.bmj.com/content/318/7198/1591.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10364117?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Woo PC, Lum PN, Wong SS, et al. Cellulitis complicating lymphedema. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000 Apr;19(4):294-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10834819?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Baddour LM, Bisno AM. Non-group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal cellulitis association with venous and lymphatic compromise. Am J Med. 1985 Aug;79(2):155-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3875287?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Baddour LM, Bisno AM. Recurrent cellulitis after saphenous venectomy for coronary bypass. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Oct;97(4):493-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6982013?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Leclerc S, Teixeira A, Mahe E, et al. Recurrent erysipelas: 47 cases. Dermatology. 2007;214(1):52-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17191048?tool=bestpractice.com 病因通常是β-溶血性链球菌。青霉素或大环内酯类预防治疗在某些患者中已被证明有帮助,且在频繁复发(> 3 次/年)的情况下可考虑使用。[66]Kremer M, Zuckerman R, Avraham Z, et al. Long-term antimicrobial therapy in the prevention of recurrent soft-tissue infections. J Infect. 1991 Jan;22(1):37-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2002231?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Babb RR, Spittell JA Jr, Martin WJ, et al. Prophylaxis of recurrent lymphangitis complicating lymphedema. JAMA. 1966 Mar 7;195(10):871-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12608187?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Sjoblom AC, Eriksson B, Jorup-Ronstrom C, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in recurrent erysipelas. Infection. 1993 Nov-Dec;21(6):390-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8132369?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Oh CC, Ko HC, Lee HY, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing recurrent cellulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2014 Jul;69(1):26-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24576824?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Thomas KS, Crook AM, Nunn AJ, et al. Dermatology Clinical Trials Network's PATCH I Trial Team. Penicillin to prevent recurrent leg cellulitis. N Engl J Med. 2013 May 2;368(18):1695-703.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1206300#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635049?tool=bestpractice.com
慢性蜂窝织炎较为罕见,通常仅发生于免疫功能低下的患者中,且仅限于惰性微生物。 慢性病情更可能是其他诊断,而非蜂窝织炎。 在某些病例中(例如慢性淋巴水肿患者),皮肤外观可能较长时间保持异常,但未必仍然存在需要抗生素治疗的微生物。
青霉素类/大环内酯类主要用于预防。
外周静脉置管的动画演示