结膜炎常见于各年龄段的男性和女性。[1]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: conjunctivitis, 2nd ed. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2003.患者通常在全科医生那里治疗,约占所有初级医疗卫生诊疗的1%。[2]Høvding G. Acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2008;86:5-17.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120090745/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17970823?tool=bestpractice.com在英格兰,每年每1000人中有13-14例结膜炎患者。[3]Manners T. Managing eye conditions in general practice. BMJ. 1997;315:816-817.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9345194?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Royal College of General Practitioners, Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Ophthalmology for general practice trainees. London: Medical Protection Society; 2001.<1岁的幼儿发病率(每年每1000人中80例患者)较>4岁儿童的发病率(每年每1000人中12例患者)更高。[5]Rietveld RP, ter Riet G, Bindels PJ, et al. Do general practitioners adhere to the guideline on infectious conjunctivitis? Results of the Second Dutch National Survey of General Practice. BMC Fam Pract. 2007;8:54.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2296/8/54http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17868475?tool=bestpractice.com在美国人群中,曾经报道最多有1.3%的人患有此病。[6]Ganley JP, Roberts J. Eye conditions and related need for medical care among persons 1-74 years of age, United States 1971-72. In: DHHS, ed. Vital health statistics. Washington, DC: DHHS; 1983.在美国,3%的急诊就诊与眼科疾病有关,其中30%的患者因结膜炎就诊。在初级医疗卫生医生处就诊中,2%为眼部疾病,其中54%患者为结膜炎或角膜擦伤。[7]Shields T, Sloan PD. A comparison of eye problems in primary care and ophthalmology practices. Fam Med. 1991;23:544-546.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1936738?tool=bestpractice.com两国情况相似的是,超过90%的过敏性结膜炎为季节性结膜炎。[8]Dart JK, Buckley RJ, Monnickendan M, et al. Perennial allergic conjunctivitis: definition, clinical characteristics and prevalence. A comparison with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1986;105:513-520.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3467503?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Ono SJ, Abelson MB. Allergic conjunctivitis: update on pathophysiology and prospects for future treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:118-122.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15637556?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Buckley RJ. Allergic eye disease: a clinical challenge. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998;28(suppl 6):39-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988434?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Bielory L. Differential diagnoses of conjunctivitis for clinical allergist-immunologists. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;98:105-114.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17304876?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Choi SH, Bielory L. Late-phase reaction in ocular allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;8:438-444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18769198?tool=bestpractice.com常年性结膜炎更少见,但其中80%的患者有季节性加重现象。[8]Dart JK, Buckley RJ, Monnickendan M, et al. Perennial allergic conjunctivitis: definition, clinical characteristics and prevalence. A comparison with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1986;105:513-520.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3467503?tool=bestpractice.com特应性变应性结膜炎更常见于成人,春季变应性结膜炎(更严重,变应性结膜炎的慢性类型)更常见于男孩。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 过敏性(春季)角结膜炎由Hugh Harris先生私人收集 [Citation ends].眼部变应性疾病中,特应性结膜炎和春季结膜炎共占 2%;特应性皮炎的人群患病率是 3%,其中 25% 有眼部受累。[9]Ono SJ, Abelson MB. Allergic conjunctivitis: update on pathophysiology and prospects for future treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:118-122.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15637556?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Buckley RJ. Allergic eye disease: a clinical challenge. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998;28(suppl 6):39-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988434?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Bielory L. Differential diagnoses of conjunctivitis for clinical allergist-immunologists. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;98:105-114.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17304876?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Choi SH, Bielory L. Late-phase reaction in ocular allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;8:438-444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18769198?tool=bestpractice.com
在欧洲,尽管春季卡他性结膜炎相关角膜并发症的患病率很低(0.3-2.3例/10,000人),但春季卡他性结膜炎的患病率可达到1.2-10.6例/10,000人。[13]Bremond-Gignac C, Donadieu J, Leonardi A, et al. Prevalence of vernal conjunctivitis: a rare disease? Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92:1097-1102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18356259?tool=bestpractice.com
细菌性结膜炎更常见于儿童中,
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 细菌性结膜炎由Hugh Harris先生私人收集 [Citation ends].和病毒性结膜炎更常见于成人。在感染性结膜炎中,42%-80%为细菌性,3%为衣原体感染,有13%-70%为病毒性。[14]Stenson S, Newman R, Fedukowicz H. Laboratory studies in acute conjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmology. 1982;100:1275-1277.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7049134?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Weiss A, Brinser J, Nazar-Stewart V. Acute conjunctivitis in childhood. J Pediatr Med. 1993;122:10-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8419593?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Gigliotti F, Williams WT, Hayden FG. Etiology of acute conjunctivitis in children. J Pediatr. 1981;98:531-536.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6970802?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Fitch CP, Rapoza PA, Owens S. Epidemiology and diagnosis of acute conjunctivitis at an inner-city hospital. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:1215-1220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2797725?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Sambursky RP, Fram N, Cohen EJ. The prevalence of adenoviral conjunctivitis at the Wills Eye Hospital emergency room. Optometry. 2007;78:236-914.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478342?tool=bestpractice.com病毒性结膜炎
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 病毒性结膜炎来自于Robert Sambursky医学博士的收集 [Citation ends].占初级医疗卫生中所有急性结膜炎的 50%。[14]Stenson S, Newman R, Fedukowicz H. Laboratory studies in acute conjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmology. 1982;100:1275-1277.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7049134?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Weiss A, Brinser J, Nazar-Stewart V. Acute conjunctivitis in childhood. J Pediatr Med. 1993;122:10-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8419593?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Gigliotti F, Williams WT, Hayden FG. Etiology of acute conjunctivitis in children. J Pediatr. 1981;98:531-536.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6970802?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Fitch CP, Rapoza PA, Owens S. Epidemiology and diagnosis of acute conjunctivitis at an inner-city hospital. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:1215-1220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2797725?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Sambursky RP, Fram N, Cohen EJ. The prevalence of adenoviral conjunctivitis at the Wills Eye Hospital emergency room. Optometry. 2007;78:236-914.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478342?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Aoki K, Tagawa Y. A twenty-one-year surveillance of adenoviral conjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2002;42:49-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12189615?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Adleberg JM, Wittwer C. Use of the polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of ocular disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1995;6:80-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10150875?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Woodland RM, Darougar S, Thaker U, et al. Causes of conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis in Karachi, Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992;86:317-320.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1412664?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Ishii K, Nakazono N, Fujinaga K, et al. Comparative studies on aetiology and epidemiology of viral conjunctivitis in three countries of East Asia: Japan, Taiwan and South Korea. Int J Epidemiol. 1987;16:98-103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3032816?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Valenton M, et al. A controlled trial of povidone-iodine to treat infectious conjunctivitis in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134:681-688.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12429243?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Sambursky R, Tauber S, Schirra F, et al. The RPS adeno detector for diagnosing adenoviral conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:1758-1764.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17011956?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Laibson PR. Ocular adenoviral infections. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1984;24:49-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6327558?tool=bestpractice.com眼瘢痕性类天疱疮和肿瘤性结膜炎罕见。