鉴别结膜炎的不同亚型非常重要,可进行最有效的治疗。
过敏性结膜炎
通常地,除非治疗失败变成中度病例,大多数过敏性结膜炎初始时被按照轻度来治疗。轻度到中度过敏性结膜炎通常表现为结膜水肿伴轻度乳头状结膜反应和少量黏液性分泌物。更严重病例上睑结膜可出现大的巨乳头,角膜缘出现滤泡,及盾性(无菌性)角膜溃疡。
过敏性,轻度
轻度过敏性结膜炎主要包括眼痒、水样分泌物、眼睛发红,为季节性发病,且支持治疗(包括人工泪液和冷敷)有效。人工泪液有助于稀释各种出现在眼表的抗原和炎性介质。
过敏性,中度
中度过敏性结膜炎主要包括眼痒、水样分泌物、眼睛发红,为季节性发病,对局部用抗组胺药物和/或肥大细胞稳定剂有效。可能还需要短期口服抗组胺药物。[45]Castillo M, Scott NW, Mustafa MZ, et al. Topical antihistamines and mast cell stabilisers for treating seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD009566.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009566.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26028608?tool=bestpractice.com
肥大细胞稳定剂可抑制肥大细胞脱颗粒;常用的药物有色甘酸钠和洛度沙胺。
局部用抗组胺药物为短效缓解眼痒、减轻眼红,副作用很少;也可以与肥大细胞稳定剂联合使用。[46]Bonini S, Gramiccioni C, Bonini M, et al. Practical approach to diagnosis and treatment of ocular allergy: a 1-year systematic review. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;7:446-449.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17873587?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Bielory L, Katelaris CH, Lightman S, et al. Treating the ocular component of allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis and related eye disorders. MedGenMed. 2007;9:35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2100110/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18092041?tool=bestpractice.com
口服抗组胺药物为长效,可以与局部用抗组胺药物联合使用,甚至可以替代局部用抗组胺药物。
血管收缩剂可以和局部用抗组胺药物一同使用,可短暂减轻结膜血管充血,但它们可引起反跳性结膜充血和炎症。
具有抗组胺和肥大细胞稳定双重效果的药物包括奥洛他定、奈多罗米和酮替芬。[48]Abelson MB, Gomes PJ. Olopatadine 0.2% ophthalmic solution: the first ophthalmic antiallergy agent with once-daily dosing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008;4:453-461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18433347?tool=bestpractice.com一篇综述报道奥洛他定和酮替芬在缓解过敏性结膜炎的症状和体征方面比安慰剂更有效。[49]Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Olopatadine for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis: a review of the clinical efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness. March 2012. http://www.cadth.ca (last accessed 30 November 2016).http://www.cadth.ca/media/pdf/htis/mar-2012/RC0334-Oloplatidine-Final.pdf
如果还需要额外的抗炎作用,局部用非甾体抗炎药也可用于中至重度过敏性结膜炎的治疗。[50]Schechter BA. Ketorolac tromethamine 0.4% as a treatment for allergic conjuctivitis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008;4:507-511.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18433352?tool=bestpractice.com
过敏性,重度
严重的过敏性疾病症状常年存在,相关炎症反应比中度过敏性疾病更严重。春季结膜炎为进展快的过敏性结膜炎类型,可能发生盾性角膜溃疡。在重度或久治不愈的过敏性疾病患者中,因为需要增加局部用皮质类固醇,应考虑转诊至眼科主任医生处。皮质类固醇激素可以与局部用或口服抗组胺药物、肥大细胞稳定剂一起使用。如果还需要增加抗炎作用,也可增加局部用非甾体抗炎药。长期使用皮质类固醇激素有几种眼部风险,包括损伤愈合延迟、继发感染、眼压升高以及白内障形成等。皮质类固醇中的氯替泼诺较泼尼松龙副作用更少。目前发现其在治疗春季结膜炎方面具有类似泼尼松龙的疗效,[51]Oner V, Türkcü FM, Taş M, et al. Topical loteprednol etabonate 0.5 % for treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis: efficacy and safety. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2012;56:312-318.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22622345?tool=bestpractice.com并且治疗季节性变应性结膜炎的效果不劣于奥洛他定。[52]Gong L, Sun X, Qu J, et al. Loteprednol etabonate suspension 0.2% administered QID compared with olopatadine solution 0.1% administered BID in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: a multicenter, randomized, investigator-masked, parallel group study in Chinese patients. Clin Ther. 2012;34:1259-1272.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22627057?tool=bestpractice.com局部用环孢素可以减少类固醇激素的用量,可被考虑为皮质类固醇之后的二线用药。环孢素作为重度特应性或春季卡他性结膜炎的二线治疗非常有效。[1]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: conjunctivitis, 2nd ed. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2003.[9]Ono SJ, Abelson MB. Allergic conjunctivitis: update on pathophysiology and prospects for future treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:118-122.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15637556?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Buckley RJ. Allergic eye disease: a clinical challenge. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998;28(suppl 6):39-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9988434?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Mantelli F, Santos MS, Petitti T, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials on topical treatments for vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:1656-1661.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2095503/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17588996?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Swamy BN, Chilov M, McClellan K, et al. Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in allergic conjunctivitis: meta-analysis of randomized trial data. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2007;14:311-319.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17994441?tool=bestpractice.com
细菌性,轻度至中度
轻到中度细菌性结膜炎需要应用广谱抗生素滴眼液作为一线治疗,包括红霉素软膏、阿奇霉素或多黏菌素/甲氧苄氨嘧啶等。[55]Denis F, Chaumeil C, Goldschmidt P, et al. Microbiological efficacy of 3-day treatment with azithromycin 1.5% eye-drops for purulent bacterial conjunctivitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2008;18:858-868.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18988154?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Abelson MB, Heller W, Shapiro AM, et al; AzaSite Clinical Study Group. Clinical cure of bacterial conjunctivitis with azithromycin 1%: vehicle-controlled, double-masked clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145:959-965.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18374301?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Protzko E, Bowman L, Abelson M, et al; AzaSite Clinical Study Group. Phase 3 safety comparisons for 1.0% azithromycin in polymeric mucoadhesive eye drops versus 0.3% tobramycin eye drops for bacterial conjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:3425-3429.http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/48/8/3425http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17652708?tool=bestpractice.com治愈率:有中等质量的证据表明,在证实为细菌性结膜炎2-10天时,局部用抗生素在提高治愈率方面比安慰剂更有效;自发治愈率较高。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。此外还可使用杆菌肽软膏或多黏菌素/杆菌肽制剂。治愈率:有质量差的证据表明,在提高细菌性结膜炎治愈率方面,没有一种抗生素比其他更有效。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。细菌性结膜炎通常具有自限性,可能无需抗生素治疗。但是使用抗生素有助于加速症状和感染的消退,尤其是发病后最初的2-5天。[58]Sheikh A, Hurwitz B, van Schayck CP, et al. Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD001211.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001211.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972049?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Rose P. Management strategies for acute infective conjunctivitis in primary care: a systematic review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8:1903-1921.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17696792?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with acute bacterial conjunctivitis, how do antibiotics compare with placebo at improving outcomes?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.435/full显示答案
因为氨基糖苷类抗生素(例如庆大霉素和妥布霉素等)具有角膜毒性,可能延迟愈合并加重充血,所以不推荐使用。[1]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: conjunctivitis, 2nd ed. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2003.[60]Mah F. Bacterial conjunctivitis in pediatrics and primary care. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2006;53(suppl 1):7-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16898650?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Sheikh A, Hurwitz B. Topical antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract. 2001;51:473-477.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11407054?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Alfonso E, Crider J. Ophthalmic infections and their anti-infective challenges. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50(suppl 1):S1-S6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16257307?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Sheikh A, Hurwitz B. Topical antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis update. Br J Gen Pract. 2005;55:962-964.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1570513/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16378567?tool=bestpractice.com
细菌性,中度到重度
与更轻度的结膜炎相比,重度细菌性结膜炎具有更明显的症状,例如分泌物增多、更严重的炎症且病程更长。局部用氟喹诺酮类药物有效,耐受性好,是更严重眼部细菌感染的首选治疗。如果感染的细菌对其他抗生素耐药,氟喹诺酮类药物仍可使用,因此局部用氟喹诺酮类药物作为一线治疗应用得越来越广泛。所有隐形眼镜配戴者或免疫抑制患者均应选择氟喹诺酮类药物作为一线用药。[1]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: conjunctivitis, 2nd ed. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2003.[60]Mah F. Bacterial conjunctivitis in pediatrics and primary care. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2006;53(suppl 1):7-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16898650?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Sheikh A, Hurwitz B. Topical antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract. 2001;51:473-477.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11407054?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Alfonso E, Crider J. Ophthalmic infections and their anti-infective challenges. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50(suppl 1):S1-S6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16257307?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Sheikh A, Hurwitz B. Topical antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis update. Br J Gen Pract. 2005;55:962-964.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1570513/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16378567?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Karpecki P, Depaolis M, Hunter JA, et al. Besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% in patients with bacterial conjunctivitis: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled, 5-day efficacy and safety study. Clin Ther. 2009;31:514-526.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19393842?tool=bestpractice.com[65]McDonald MB, Protzko EE, Brunner LS, et al. Efficacy and safety of besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% compared with moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.5% for treating bacterial conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:1615-1623;e1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19643483?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Tepedino ME, Heller WH, Usner DW, et al. Phase III efficacy and safety study of besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:1159-1169.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19323612?tool=bestpractice.com
细菌性,超急性(淋球菌性)
超急性细菌性结膜炎需要应用头孢曲松全身性治疗,如果合并衣原体感染,可联合应用口服多西环素和红霉素。淋球菌性结膜炎:我们发现没有足够多的系统评价和随机对照试验评估关于单独口服抗生素对疑似或确诊淋球菌性结膜炎的非洲地区新生儿治疗效果的影响。我们未找到在非洲以外国家进行的随机对照临床试验。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。在口服治疗的基础上,联合使用局部用杆菌肽或环丙沙星。淋球菌性结膜炎:有质量差的证据表明,在提高治愈率方面,胃肠外途径给予抗生素联合局部用抗生素与仅胃肠外途径给予抗生素的疗效相似。然而,从临床医师的角度,形成的共识是给予患者单剂胃肠外抗生素、随后使用局部用抗生素,可能对疑似或确诊淋球菌性结膜炎患者的治疗有益。我们未找到在非洲以外国家进行的随机对照临床试验。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
细菌性,衣原体性
衣原体结膜炎需要局部用联合口服抗生素治疗。
病毒性
目前还没有治疗病毒性结膜炎的特效性抗病毒药物。局部用抗组胺药物/减充血剂和人工泪液后,患者的症状和体征可减轻,可能减轻眼部发痒。轻轻地冷敷眼部周围可能缓解症状。全身用药物对病毒性结膜炎无效。[1]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: conjunctivitis, 2nd ed. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2003.[60]Mah F. Bacterial conjunctivitis in pediatrics and primary care. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2006;53(suppl 1):7-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16898650?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Sheikh A, Hurwitz B. Topical antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract. 2001;51:473-477.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11407054?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Alfonso E, Crider J. Ophthalmic infections and their anti-infective challenges. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50(suppl 1):S1-S6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16257307?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Sheikh A, Hurwitz B. Topical antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis update. Br J Gen Pract. 2005;55:962-964.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1570513/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16378567?tool=bestpractice.com
腺病毒结膜炎可出现假膜或角膜上皮下浸润,需要局部用皮质类固醇进行治疗,可以考虑转诊至眼科主任医师处。可能考虑局部用更昔洛韦治疗腺病毒。[67]Kaufman HE. Ganciclovir: a promising topical antiviral gel for herpetic keratitis. Expert Rev Ophthal. 2009;4:367-375.[68]Colin J. Ganciclovir ophthalmic gel, 0.15%: a valuable tool for treating ocular herpes. Clin Ophthalmol. 2007;1:441-453.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2704535/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19668521?tool=bestpractice.com
隐形眼镜相关性
配戴隐形眼镜患者应停戴2周或以上,应检查镜片护理方案并改用无防腐剂的镜片护理液。可能处方短期局部用皮质类固醇。如果是细菌性,应处方局部用氟喹诺酮类药物。
机械性
可通过将患者的眼睑闭合,或在睡眠时给患者配戴预防性眼罩暂时缓解眼睑松弛综合征患者的症状。润滑剂可能有助于治疗轻度患者。可考虑防止上眼睑重睑的外科手术(例如全层水平缩短术)用于治疗更严重的病例。
毒性/化学性
减少化学刺激物暴露。任何暴露后应立即冲洗眼睛,并检测泪液的pH值。冲洗结膜囊直至pH值恢复到7。局部频点人工泪液以缓解症状。如果炎症持续存在,可以考虑短期局部应用皮质类固醇。
药物相关性
在停用引起药物源性结膜炎的药物后,通常症状可逐渐缓解。无防腐剂的人工泪液可缓解症状。如果结膜或眼睑存在重度炎症,可以考虑短暂局部应用皮质类固醇。但是,非眼科专科临床医生不应开具局部用皮质类固醇。
转诊至主任医生
如果开始治疗后患者症状仍持续超过7-10天,或患者出现严重疼痛、光敏感或视力丧失,应考虑转诊至眼科主任医生处。