尽管发达国家长期进行免疫接种项目,疫苗效价很高,且百日咳是种疫苗可防性疾病,但它在发达国家仍是个常见疾病,仍受广泛关注。[5]Rohani P, Zhong X, King AA. Contact network structure explains the changing epidemiology of pertussis. Science. 2010;330:982-985.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21071671?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Rohani P, Drake JM. The decline and resurgence of pertussis in the US. Epidemics. 2011;3:183-188.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22094341?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Jackson DW, Rohani P. Perplexities of pertussis: recent global epidemiological trends and their potential causes. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142:672-684.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23324361?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Cherry JD. Epidemic pertussis in 2012: the resurgence of a vaccine-preventable disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:785-787.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1209051http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894554?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Lavine J, Broutin H, Harvill ET, et al. Imperfect vaccine-induced immunity and whooping cough transmission to infants. Vaccine. 2010;29:11-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2997163/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21034823?tool=bestpractice.com在发达国家/地区,百日咳博德特菌的传播方式仍类似于百日咳免疫接种之前时代的传播方式。[8]Cherry JD. Epidemic pertussis in 2012: the resurgence of a vaccine-preventable disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:785-787.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1209051http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894554?tool=bestpractice.com渐强的监管效率并不能完全用来解释日益增高的百日咳发病率。[9]Lavine J, Broutin H, Harvill ET, et al. Imperfect vaccine-induced immunity and whooping cough transmission to infants. Vaccine. 2010;29:11-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2997163/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21034823?tool=bestpractice.com目前有些假说也许可以解释百日咳的复苏,包括百日咳博德特菌理论上毒力的改变、群体免疫力逐渐减弱或不完全的加强免疫接种、无细胞疫苗的使用以及医生对青少年和成人群体中百日咳的认知程度提高等。[5]Rohani P, Zhong X, King AA. Contact network structure explains the changing epidemiology of pertussis. Science. 2010;330:982-985.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21071671?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Rohani P, Drake JM. The decline and resurgence of pertussis in the US. Epidemics. 2011;3:183-188.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22094341?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Jackson DW, Rohani P. Perplexities of pertussis: recent global epidemiological trends and their potential causes. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142:672-684.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23324361?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Cherry JD. Epidemic pertussis in 2012: the resurgence of a vaccine-preventable disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:785-787.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1209051http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894554?tool=bestpractice.com[10]McGirr A, Fisman DN. Duration of pertussis immunity after DTaP immunization: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2015;135:331-343.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/135/2/331.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25560446?tool=bestpractice.com
来自世界卫生组织 (WHO) 的统计资料显示,2008年全球共有1600万的百日咳患者,其中95%来自发展中国家。 同年,共有19万5千名患儿死于百日咳。[11]World Health Organization. Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2010;85:385-400.http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8540.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20939150?tool=bestpractice.com当然也存在百日咳报告病例数在全球范围内的可变性。[7]Jackson DW, Rohani P. Perplexities of pertussis: recent global epidemiological trends and their potential causes. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142:672-684.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23324361?tool=bestpractice.com例如,从 1998 年到 2002 年,瑞士、德国、意大利和奥地利分别报告每 10 万人中有 123.9、10.1、6.1 和 1.8 人发病。[12]Cherry JD. The epidemiology of pertussis: a comparison of the epidemiology of the disease pertussis with the epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis infection. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1422-1427.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15867059?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Tan T, Trindade E, Skowronsk D. Epidemiology of pertussis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:S10-S18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15876918?tool=bestpractice.com这些国家/地区的免疫接种实践情况都相似。发病率差异如此之大,可能因各国监管程序各有不同。2012年,英格兰和威尔士确诊的百日咳病例共9741例。[14]Health Protection Agency. Confirmed pertussis cases in England and Wales: update to end-April 2012. June 2012. http://www.hpa.org.uk (last accessed 14 March 2017).http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140714084352/http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/archives/2012/news2212.htm#prtsss这远多于 2011 年 (1119) 和 2008 年 (902) 报告的发病例数。[14]Health Protection Agency. Confirmed pertussis cases in England and Wales: update to end-April 2012. June 2012. http://www.hpa.org.uk (last accessed 14 March 2017).http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140714084352/http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/archives/2012/news2212.htm#prtsss来自英格兰和威尔士2013年的资料显示百日咳报告病例呈现下降趋势,这提示早期数据间的差异是可信的,并不源于时间上的不确定性改变。[14]Health Protection Agency. Confirmed pertussis cases in England and Wales: update to end-April 2012. June 2012. http://www.hpa.org.uk (last accessed 14 March 2017).http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140714084352/http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/archives/2012/news2212.htm#prtsss
英国、美国和其他发达国家,每隔3-4年都会有一次百日咳的流行性暴发。[8]Cherry JD. Epidemic pertussis in 2012: the resurgence of a vaccine-preventable disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:785-787.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1209051http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894554?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Cherry JD. The epidemiology of pertussis: a comparison of the epidemiology of the disease pertussis with the epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis infection. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1422-1427.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15867059?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Galanis E, King AS, Varughese P, et al. Changing epidemiology and emerging risk groups for pertussis. CMAJ. 2006;174:451-452.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16477052?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Cherry JD, Grimprel E, Guiso N, et al. Defining pertussis epidemiology: clinical, microbiologic and serologic perspectives. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:S25-S34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15876920?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Edwards KM. Overview of pertussis: focus on epidemiology, sources of infection, and long term protection after infant vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:S104-S108.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15931137?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Cherry JD. Epidemiology of pertussis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:361-362.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16567990?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Cherry JD. Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects of pertussis in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:S112-S117.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10447028?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Bamberger ES, Srugo I. What is new in pertussis? Eur J Pediatr. 2008;167:133-139.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17668241?tool=bestpractice.com2012年美国,百日咳每10万人发病率最高的是婴儿(每10万个<1岁的婴幼儿有126.7人发病;每10万7-10岁的儿童,共有58.5人发病;而在11-19岁中,每10万人共有38.0人发病)。[21]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012 final pertussis surveillance report. August 2013. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 14 March 2017).http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/downloads/pertuss-surv-report-2012.pdf但在报告病例中,青少年和成人是最主要的发患者群(报告病例中有51.5%都在11岁及其以上,1岁以下的仅占发病总数的10.3%)。[21]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012 final pertussis surveillance report. August 2013. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 14 March 2017).http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/downloads/pertuss-surv-report-2012.pdf因此青少年和成人会因为免疫力减弱而变得易感。[4]Public Health England. Guidelines for the public health management of pertussis in England. December 2016. http://www.gov.uk (last accessed 14 March 2017).https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pertussis-guidelines-for-public-health-management[22]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine in adults aged 65 years and older - Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:468-470.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6125a4.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22739778?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pertussis. In: Atkinson W, Wolfe S, Hamborsky J, eds. Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases. 12th ed. Washington DC: Public Health Foundation; 2012.http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/pert.html目前已假设认为,青少年和成人可能是重度疾病和死亡风险更高的婴幼儿百日咳发病的主要传播源。[24]Wang K, Bettiol S, Thompson MJ, et al. Symptomatic treatment of the cough in whooping cough. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD003257.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003257.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25243777?tool=bestpractice.com不过,一项美国研究已将兄弟姐妹确定为主要感染宿主,表明婴幼儿百日咳传播动力学有了重大转变。[25]Skoff TH, Kenyon C, Cocoros N, et al. Sources of infant pertussis infection in the United States. Pediatrics. 2015;136:635-641.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/136/4/635.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26347437?tool=bestpractice.com在美国,2012年报道的20名死亡病例中就有15名是3个月以下的小婴儿。[21]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012 final pertussis surveillance report. August 2013. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 14 March 2017).http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/downloads/pertuss-surv-report-2012.pdf
在90年代,无细胞疫苗代替了全细胞疫苗。[8]Cherry JD. Epidemic pertussis in 2012: the resurgence of a vaccine-preventable disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:785-787.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1209051http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894554?tool=bestpractice.com这种替代源于全细胞疫苗相关性不良事件。[8]Cherry JD. Epidemic pertussis in 2012: the resurgence of a vaccine-preventable disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:785-787.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1209051http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894554?tool=bestpractice.com当前的证据表明,百日咳无细胞疫苗或许并不能完全替代全细胞疫苗的免疫效能,且疫苗接种计划可能需要不断修改以反映出这一点。[8]Cherry JD. Epidemic pertussis in 2012: the resurgence of a vaccine-preventable disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:785-787.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1209051http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894554?tool=bestpractice.com[10]McGirr A, Fisman DN. Duration of pertussis immunity after DTaP immunization: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2015;135:331-343.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/135/2/331.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25560446?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Clark TA, Messonnier NE, Hadler SC. Pertussis control: time for something new? Trends Microbiol. 2012;20:211-213.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22494804?tool=bestpractice.com