使用抗生素治疗百日咳以及明智地选用抗微生物药物进行暴露后预防有助于将百日咳博德特氏菌从感染患者(有或无症状)的鼻咽部分泌物中清除。不过,几乎没有资料支持抗生素在病程中的效用。[24]Wang K, Bettiol S, Thompson MJ, et al. Symptomatic treatment of the cough in whooping cough. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD003257.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003257.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25243777?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Axelsson I, et al. Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD001478.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001478.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228233?tool=bestpractice.com阵发性咳嗽出现后再使用抗生素可能并无临床疗效。对于疑似病例和临床确诊病例的一线用药是大环内酯类抗生素(如阿奇霉素、克拉霉素和红霉素等)。若无禁忌证,对大环内酯类抗生素过敏或具有耐药性的患者可选用甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲基异恶唑(TMP/SMX)[4]Public Health England. Guidelines for the public health management of pertussis in England. December 2016. http://www.gov.uk (last accessed 14 March 2017).https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pertussis-guidelines-for-public-health-management[38]Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG committee opinion no. 521: update on immunization and pregnancy: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119:690-691.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22353979?tool=bestpractice.com治疗和预防建议相同。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 百日咳防治指南Nawal Lutfiyya 起草 [Citation ends].
对<1月龄的婴儿的治疗
对该年龄段患者,克拉霉素和阿奇霉素是首选用药。[4]Public Health England. Guidelines for the public health management of pertussis in England. December 2016. http://www.gov.uk (last accessed 14 March 2017).https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pertussis-guidelines-for-public-health-management在美国,阿奇霉素是小于1个月婴儿的首选大环内酯类药物。目前已发表的摘要和病例报告均说明对该年龄段婴儿而言,阿奇霉素较红霉素副作用小。迄今为止,仅有散发病例报告该年龄段婴幼儿出现肥厚性幽门狭窄的副作用。
≥1个月的患者的治疗
一线治疗选择为大环内酯类抗生素。[33]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pertussis (whooping cough): information for clinicians. July 2014. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 14 March 2017).http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/index.html[56]Alvarez-Elcoro S, Enzler MJ. The macrolides: erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74:613-634.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10377939?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Halperin SA, Bortolussi R, Langley JM, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of erythromycin estolate chemoprophylaxis for household contacts of children with culture-positive Bordetella pertussis infection. Pediatrics. 1999;104:E42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10506267?tool=bestpractice.com在选择大环内酯时,应考虑有效性、安全性(包括潜在副作用和药物相互作用)、耐受性和是否容易依从治疗方案。对6月以上的百日咳患者而言,阿奇霉素、克拉霉素与红霉素治疗效果相当,却具有更好的耐受性和更少更温和的副作用。[44]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Chapter 10: pertussis. 2015. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 14 March 2017).http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt10-pertussis.pdf研究显示,在疾病早期进行治疗最有效(发生阵发性咳嗽2周内)。[33]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pertussis (whooping cough): information for clinicians. July 2014. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 14 March 2017).http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/index.html在咳嗽出现后3周才予以药物干预,则药物疗效极其有限。红霉素作为阿奇霉素或克拉霉素的备选用药,也可考虑用于妊娠期妇女(不适合使用阿奇霉素和克拉霉素)。[4]Public Health England. Guidelines for the public health management of pertussis in England. December 2016. http://www.gov.uk (last accessed 14 March 2017).https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pertussis-guidelines-for-public-health-management
对大环内酯类抗生素过敏的患者,TMX/SMX是首选用药。[33]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pertussis (whooping cough): information for clinicians. July 2014. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 14 March 2017).http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/index.html但它禁用于小于6周(有些国家如美国,为2个月)的婴儿、足月妊娠和哺乳期母亲。这些患者需在专科医生的指导下用药。TMP/SMX未注册用于化学预防使用。
易感性试验并不常规推荐用于百日咳博德特菌分离株。[33]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pertussis (whooping cough): information for clinicians. July 2014. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 14 March 2017).http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/index.html克拉霉素和阿奇霉素的耐药性尚未见报道。红霉素在使用中需注意会诱导产生耐药菌株。在美国,红霉素治疗失败的患者都需分离致病菌并送CDC做进一步检测。但目前尚无红霉素治疗失败率的可信数据。在无明显禁忌证的前提下,TMP/SMX推荐用于耐红霉素的致病菌的治疗。
对症处理和急诊处理
皮质醇激素和舒喘灵能减少阵发性咳嗽,但这种用药方法仍需进一步评估后才能作出推荐。[24]Wang K, Bettiol S, Thompson MJ, et al. Symptomatic treatment of the cough in whooping cough. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD003257.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003257.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25243777?tool=bestpractice.com百日咳特异性免疫球蛋白目前尚在研发中。[24]Wang K, Bettiol S, Thompson MJ, et al. Symptomatic treatment of the cough in whooping cough. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD003257.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003257.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25243777?tool=bestpractice.com