常规疫苗接种是完全可以预防该病的。百日咳疫苗通常与其他疫苗以不同的强度联合使用:白喉、破伤风和无细胞百日咳 (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis, DTaP) 疫苗已在许多国家/地区被用于初始儿童期疫苗接种(有时还会与脊髓灰质炎病毒和流感嗜血杆菌 B 类疫苗等其他疫苗联合使用)。[34]Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Axelsson I, et al. Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD001478.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001478.pub6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228233?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do acellular vaccines compare with whole-cell pertussis vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.392/full显示答案目前认为青少年和成人是婴儿百日咳的主要传染源。[24]Wang K, Bettiol S, Thompson MJ, et al. Symptomatic treatment of the cough in whooping cough. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD003257.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003257.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25243777?tool=bestpractice.com不过,一项美国研究已将兄弟姐妹确定为主要感染宿主,表明婴幼儿百日咳传播动力学有了重大转变。[25]Skoff TH, Kenyon C, Cocoros N, et al. Sources of infant pertussis infection in the United States. Pediatrics. 2015;136:635-641.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/136/4/635.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26347437?tool=bestpractice.com在美国,强化疫苗常包含有破伤风、白喉及无细胞性百日咳疫苗,这种强化疫苗被用于青少年和成人的疫苗接种。在许多国家/地区,推荐方案为:儿童期百日咳疫苗接种在出生后第 2、4、6 及 15-18 月;强化剂量接种在 4-6 岁及青少年期。[35]Robinson CL, Romero JR, Kempe A, et al. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:134-135.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6605e1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28182607?tool=bestpractice.com但在英国,这一接种计划却有些不同。建议接种期为在 2、3、4 个月时,强化剂量接种在 3 岁零 4 个月时。百日咳疫苗也提供给临床疑似或确诊病例的所有家庭接触者,这些接触者年龄在 10 岁以上且过去 5 年内未接种过百日咳疫苗。[4]Public Health England. Guidelines for the public health management of pertussis in England. December 2016. http://www.gov.uk (last accessed 14 March 2017).https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pertussis-guidelines-for-public-health-management
美国疾病预防控制中心 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC) 的免疫实践咨询委员会 (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, ACIP) 建议,妊娠女性在每次怀孕期间都应接种一剂 Tdap 疫苗,无论先前是否有 Tdap 接种史。医务人员应首选在妊娠 27 至 36 周期间给予 Tdap。[36]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62:131-135.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6207a4.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23425962?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Kim DK, Riley LE, Harriman KH, et al. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:136-138.https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6605e2.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28182599?tool=bestpractice.com美国妇产科医师协会 (American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG) 支持这些建议。[38]Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG committee opinion no. 521: update on immunization and pregnancy: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119:690-691.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22353979?tool=bestpractice.com在孕期未接种Tdap疫苗的孕妇必须在分娩后尽早接种该疫苗。[36]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62:131-135.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6207a4.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23425962?tool=bestpractice.com英国卫生部 (Department of Health, DoH) 制定了针对妊娠女性(妊娠 16-38 周)的暂时性接种计划。[4]Public Health England. Guidelines for the public health management of pertussis in England. December 2016. http://www.gov.uk (last accessed 14 March 2017).https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pertussis-guidelines-for-public-health-management
在美国,建议所有成人应每 10 年接种一次 Tdap 加强剂,包括那些年龄超过 65 周岁的人。2012 年,美国免疫实践咨询委员会 (ACIP) 批准 Tdap 用于所有年龄为 65 周岁及以上的老年人。[22]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine in adults aged 65 years and older - Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:468-470.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6125a4.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22739778?tool=bestpractice.com但在英国,成人(除孕妇外)并不推荐进行强化疫苗的接种。[4]Public Health England. Guidelines for the public health management of pertussis in England. December 2016. http://www.gov.uk (last accessed 14 March 2017).https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pertussis-guidelines-for-public-health-management
CDC 也推荐使用“茧爱策略”以避免新生儿感染百日咳。它要求所有密切接触小于12个月的婴儿的成人都必须接种百日咳强化疫苗。[39]Healy CM, Rench MA, Baker CJ. Implementation of cocooning against pertussis in a high-risk population. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:157-162.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/2/157.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21288837?tool=bestpractice.com研究表明即便接受常规的百白破疫苗,具有易患耳炎倾向的小于24个月的婴幼儿体内疫苗抗体浓度仍较低,不能起到预防作用。[40]Pichichero ME, Casey JR, Almudevar A. Nonprotective responses to pediatric vaccines occur in children who are otitis prone. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32:1163-1168.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24141796?tool=bestpractice.com