检查 这是一种确诊方法,特异度100%。[1]Mattoo S, Cherry JD. Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to Bordetella pertussis and other Bordetella subspecies. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18:326-382.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831828?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Kretsinger K, Broder KR, Cortese MM, et al. Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adults: use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55:1-33.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5517a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17167397?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Gregory DS. Pertussis: a disease affecting all ages. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74:420-426.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16913160?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Palmer CM, McCall B, Jarvinen K, et al. Bordetella pertussis PCR positivity, following onset of illness in children under 5 years of age. Commun Dis Intell. 2007;31:202-205.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17724996?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Loeffelholz MJ, Thompson CJ, Long KS, et al. Comparison of PCR, culture, and direct fluorescent-antibody testing for detection of Bordetella pertussis. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:2872-2876.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/37/9/2872?view=long&pmid=10449467http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10449467?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Heininger U, Schmidt-Schlapfer G, Cherry JD, et al. Clinical validation of a polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of pertussis by comparison with serology, culture, and symptoms during a large pertussis vaccine efficacy trial. Pediatrics. 2000;105:E31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10699133?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Dragsted DM, Dohn B, Madsen J, et al. Comparison of culture and PCR for detection of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis under routine laboratory conditions. J Med Microbiol. 2004;53:749-754.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15272061?tool=bestpractice.com但阴性培养结果并不能排除百日咳诊断。
出现症状2周后才开始进行细菌学培养,其敏感度仅为30%-60%。如在咳嗽出现后3周才进行细菌学培养,其敏感度会下降。[47]Loeffelholz MJ, Thompson CJ, Long KS, et al. Comparison of PCR, culture, and direct fluorescent-antibody testing for detection of Bordetella pertussis. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:2872-2876.http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/37/9/2872?view=long&pmid=10449467http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10449467?tool=bestpractice.com
首选藻酸钙或聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(商品名:Dacron®)拭子而非棉拭子或人造丝拭子,因为后者含有脂肪酸,这对百日咳博德特菌具有毒性。[1]Mattoo S, Cherry JD. Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to Bordetella pertussis and other Bordetella subspecies. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18:326-382.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831828?tool=bestpractice.com
拭子必须缓慢通过鼻孔插入后咽部。[49]Doern GV. Detection of selected fastidious bacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:166-173.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/1/166.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10619747?tool=bestpractice.com理想状况下,拭子最好能在后咽部停留30秒后再撤出。[49]Doern GV. Detection of selected fastidious bacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:166-173.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/1/166.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10619747?tool=bestpractice.com拭子或抽吸物需直接置入选择性培养基中培养,如条件不许可,则应置入转移性培养基中。[49]Doern GV. Detection of selected fastidious bacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:166-173.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/1/166.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10619747?tool=bestpractice.com
影响阳性培养结果获取的因素包括:样本处理方式;样本收集时的疾病分期;[44]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Chapter 10: pertussis. 2015. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 14 March 2017).http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt10-pertussis.pdf在培养开始前给予抗微生物药物治疗(使用适当的抗生素进行治疗会降低培养结果阳性的可能性);[2]Kretsinger K, Broder KR, Cortese MM, et al. Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adults: use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55:1-33.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5517a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17167397?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Gregory DS. Pertussis: a disease affecting all ages. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74:420-426.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16913160?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Tozzi AE, Rava L, Ciofi degli Atti ML, et al, the Progetto Pertosse Working Group. Clinical presentation of pertussis in unvaccinated and vaccinated children in the first six years of life. Pediatrics. 2003;112:1069-1075.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14595048?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Litt DJ, Samuel D, Duncan J, et al. Detection of anti-pertussis toxin IgG in oral fluids for use in diagnosis and surveillance of Bordetella pertussis infection in children and young adults. J Med Microbiol. 2006;55:1223-1228.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16914652?tool=bestpractice.com既往感染后或疫苗接种后的免疫力;以及患者的年龄(相较于幼儿,高龄患者的培养结果阳性的可能性较小)。[2]Kretsinger K, Broder KR, Cortese MM, et al. Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adults: use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55:1-33.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5517a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17167397?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Gregory DS. Pertussis: a disease affecting all ages. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74:420-426.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16913160?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Tozzi AE, Rava L, Ciofi degli Atti ML, et al, the Progetto Pertosse Working Group. Clinical presentation of pertussis in unvaccinated and vaccinated children in the first six years of life. Pediatrics. 2003;112:1069-1075.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14595048?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Litt DJ, Samuel D, Duncan J, et al. Detection of anti-pertussis toxin IgG in oral fluids for use in diagnosis and surveillance of Bordetella pertussis infection in children and young adults. J Med Microbiol. 2006;55:1223-1228.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16914652?tool=bestpractice.com