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European Association of Urology. Guidelines on paediatric urology. 2016. http://www.uroweb.org (last accessed 18 August 2016).

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Yeung CK, Chiu HN, Sit FK. Bladder dysfunction in children with refractory monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 1999;162:1049-1055.

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Wolfish N. Sleep arousal function in enuretic males. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1999;202:24-26.

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von Gontard A, Schaumburg H, Hollman E, et al. The genetics of enuresis: A review. J Urol. 2001;166:2438-2443.

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Longstaffe S, Moffat M, Whalen J. Behavioral and self-esteem changes after six months of enuresis treatment: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2000;105:935-940.

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Hansen MN, Rittig S, Siggaard C, et al. Intra-individual variability in nighttime urine production and functional bladder capacity estimated by home recordings in patients with nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 2001;166:2452-2455.

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Nevéus T, Eggert P, Evans J, et al. Evaluation of and treatment for monosymptomatic enuresis: a standardization document from the International Children's Continence Society. J Urol. 2010;183:441-447.

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Glazener CM, Evans JH, Petro RE. Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD002911.

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Hjalmas K, Hanson E, Hellstrom AL, et al. Long-term treatment with desmopressin in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: an open multicentre study. Swedish Enuresis Trial (SWEET) Group. BJU. 1998;82:704-709.

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Nevéus T, Läckgren G, Tuvemo T, et al. Desmopressin resistant enuresis: pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations. J Urol. 1999;162:2136-2140.

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1.  Boris NW, Dalton R. Enuresis (bed-wetting). In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 17th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 2004.

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3.  American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

4.  Norgaard JP, van Gool JD, Norgaard JP, et al. Standardization and definitions in lower urinary tract dysfunction in children. International Children's Continence Society. Br J Urol. 1998;81(suppl 3):1-16.

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5.  Blackwell C. A guide to enuresis: a guide to treatment of enuresis for professionals. Bristol, UK: ERIC, 1989.

6.  European Association of Urology. Guidelines on paediatric urology. 2016. http://www.uroweb.org (last accessed 18 August 2016).

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7.  Jansson UB, Hanson M, Sillén U, et al. Voiding pattern and acquisition of bladder control from birth to age 6 years: a longitudinal study. J Urol. 2005;174:289-293.

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8.  Forsythe WI, Redmond A. Enuresis and spontaneous cure rate. Study of 1129 enuretics. Arch Dis Child. 1974;49:259-263.

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9.  Hirasing RA, van Leerdam FJ, Bolk-Bennink L, et al. Enuresis nocturna in adults. Scan J Urol Nephrol. 1997;31:533-536.

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10.  The International Children's Continence Society (ICCS): Hjalmas K, Arnold T, Bower W, et al. Nocturnal enuresis: an international evidence based management strategy. J Urol. 2004;171:2545-2561.

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11.  Lackgreen G, Hjalmas K, van Gool J, et al. Nocturnal enuresis: a suggestion for a European treatment strategy. Acta Paediatr. 1999;88:679-690.

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12.  Rittig S, Knudsen UB, Sorensen S, et al. Abnormal diurnal rhythm of plasma vasopressin and urinary output in patients with enuresis. Am J Physiol. 1989;256:664-671.

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13.  Oredsson AF, Jorgensen TM. Changes in nocturnal bladder capacity during treatment with the bell and pad for monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 1998;160:166-169.

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14.  Yeung CK, Chiu HN, Sit FK. Bladder dysfunction in children with refractory monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 1999;162:1049-1055.

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15.  Yeung CK, Sit FK, To LK, et al: Reduction in nocturnal functional bladder capacity is a common factor in the pathogenesis of refractory nocturnal enuresis. BJU Int. 2002;90:302-307.

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16.  Norgaard JP, Hansen JH, Wildschotz G, et al. Sleep cystometries in children with nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 1989;141:1156-1159.

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17.  Ornitz EM, Russell AT, Hanna GL, et al. Prepulse inhibition of startle and the neurobiology of primary nocturnal enuresis. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:1455-1466.

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18.  Wolfish N. Sleep arousal function in enuretic males. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1999;202:24-26.

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19.  Kovacevic L, Jurewicz M, Dabaja A, et al. Enuretic children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: should they see otolaryngology first? J Pediatr Urol. 2013;9:145-150.

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20.  von Gontard A, Schaumburg H, Hollman E, et al. The genetics of enuresis: A review. J Urol. 2001;166:2438-2443.

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21.  Basha S, Bialowas C, Ende K, et al. Effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy in the resolution of nocturnal enuresis secondary to obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:1101-1103.

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22.  Kalorin CM, Mouzakes J, Gavin JP, et al. Tonsillectomy does not improve bed wetting: results of a prospective controlled trial. J Urol. 2010:184;2527-2531.

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23.  Alexopoulos EI, Kostadima E, Pagonari I, et al. Association between primary nocturnal enuresis and habitual snoring in children. Urology. 2006;68:406-409.

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24.  Robson WL, Jackson HP, Blackhurst D, et al. Enuresis in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. South Med J. 1997;90:503-505.

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25.  Hagglof B, Andren O, Bergstrom E, et al. Self-esteem before and after treatment in children with nocturnal enuresis and urinary incontinence. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1997;183:79-82.

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26.  Hagglof B, Andren O, Bergstrom E, et al. Self-esteem in children with nocturnal enuresis and urinary incontinence: improvement of self-esteem after treatment. Eur Urol. 1998;33(suppl 3):16-19.

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27.  Longstaffe S, Moffat M, Whalen J. Behavioral and self-esteem changes after six months of enuresis treatment: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2000;105:935-940.

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28.  Hansen MN, Rittig S, Siggaard C, et al. Intra-individual variability in nighttime urine production and functional bladder capacity estimated by home recordings in patients with nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 2001;166:2452-2455.

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29.  Koff SA. Estimating bladder capacity in children. Urology. 1983;21:248.

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30.  Nevéus T, Eggert P, Evans J, et al. Evaluation of and treatment for monosymptomatic enuresis: a standardization document from the International Children's Continence Society. J Urol. 2010;183:441-447.

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31.  Yeung CK, Sreedhar B, Leung VT, et al. Ultrasound bladder measurements in patients with primary nocturnal enuresis: a urodynamic and treatment outcome correlation. J Urol. 2004;171:2589-2594.

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32.  O'Regan S, Yazbeck S, Hamberger B, et al. Constipation a commonly unrecognized cause of enuresis. Am J Dis Child. 1986;140:260-261.

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33.  Kruse S, Hellstrom AL, Hjalmas K. Daytime bladder dysfunction in therapy-resistant nocturnal enuresis. A pilot study in urotherapy. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1999;33:49-52.

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34.  Caldwell PH, Nankivell G, Sureshkumar P. Simple behavioural interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(7):CD003637.

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35.  Loening-Baucke V. Urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection and their resolution with treatment of chronic constipation of childhood. Pediatrics. 1997 Aug;100(2 Pt 1):228-32.

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36.  Glazener CM, Evans JH, Petro RE. Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD002911.

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37.  Evans J, Malmsten B, Maddocks A, et al.; UK Study Group. Randomized comparison of long-term desmopressin and alarm treatment for bedwetting. J Pediatr Urol. 2011;7:21-29.

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38.  Kruse S, Hellstrom AL, Hanson E, et al. Treatment of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis with desmopressin: predictive factors. BJU Int. 2001;88:572-576.

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39.  Rushton HG, Belman AB, Zaontz MR, et al. The influence of small functional bladder capacity and other predictors on the response to desmopressin in the management of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 1996;156:651-655.

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40.  Glazener CM, Evans JH. Desmopressin for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002112.

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41.  Hjalmas K, Hanson E, Hellstrom AL, et al. Long-term treatment with desmopressin in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: an open multicentre study. Swedish Enuresis Trial (SWEET) Group. BJU. 1998;82:704-709.

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42.  Nevéus T, Läckgren G, Tuvemo T, et al. Desmopressin resistant enuresis: pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations. J Urol. 1999;162:2136-2140.

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43.  Bolduc S, Upadhyay J, Payton J, et al. The use of tolterodine in children after oxybutynin failure. BJU Int. 2003;91:398-401.

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44.  Geller B, Reising D, Leonard HL, et al. Critical review of tricyclic antidepressant use in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:513-516.

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45.  Tingelstad JB. The cardiotoxicity of the tricyclics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1991;30:845-846.

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46.  Caldwell PH, Sureshkumar P, Wong WC. Tricyclic and related drugs for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(1):CD002117.

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47.  Huang T, Shu X, Huang YS, et al. Complementary and miscellaneous interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(2):CD005230.

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