以健康儿童为对象的大型临床系列研究揭示:下肢旋转力线在整个儿童时期变化很大。[2]Staheli LT, Corbett M, Wyss C, et al. Lower-extremity rotational problems in children: normal values to guide management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67:39-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3968103?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Engel GM, Staheli LT. The natural history of torsion and other factors influencing gait in childhood: a study of the angle of gait, tibial torsion, knee angle, hip rotation, and development of the arch in normal children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;(99):12-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4825705?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Hensinger RN. Standards in orthopedics: tables, charts, and graphs illustrating growth. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1986.[5]Jacquemier M, Glard Y, Pomero V, et al. Rotational profile of the lower limb in 1319 healthy children. Gait Posture. 2008;28:187-193.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18201887?tool=bestpractice.com在没有神经肌肉疾病的情况下,不分年龄和性别,84% 至 98% 的人的股骨前倾及胫骨旋转处于正常范围内。[5]Jacquemier M, Glard Y, Pomero V, et al. Rotational profile of the lower limb in 1319 healthy children. Gait Posture. 2008;28:187-193.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18201887?tool=bestpractice.com尽管大多数下肢旋转问题属于正常变异,但它们会引起父母担忧,因此是初级医疗保健儿科医师将儿童转诊至小儿骨科的最常见原因之一。[6]Reeder BM, Lyne ED, Patel DR, et al. Referral patterns to a pediatric orthopedic clinic: implications for education and practice. Pediatrics. 2004;113:e163-e167.http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/113/3/e163http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14993571?tool=bestpractice.com考虑到体格检查中用于测量肢体旋转(主要为扭转轮廓)的方法很多,且人群中存在细微差异,将旋转畸形定义为扭转程度超过正常值 2 倍标准差,因此包括了约 5% 的人群。[1]Staheli LT. Rotational problems in children. Instr Course Lect. 1994;43:199-209.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9097150?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Staheli LT, Corbett M, Wyss C, et al. Lower-extremity rotational problems in children: normal values to guide management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67:39-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3968103?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Jacquemier M, Glard Y, Pomero V, et al. Rotational profile of the lower limb in 1319 healthy children. Gait Posture. 2008;28:187-193.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18201887?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Cheng JC, Chan PS, Chiang SC, et al. Angular and rotational profile of the lower limb in 2,630 Chinese children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1991;11:154-161.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2010512?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Craxford AD, Minns RJ, Park C. Plantar pressures and gait parameters: a study of foot shape and limb rotations in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1984;4:477-481.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6470121?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Losel S, Burgess-Milliron MJ, Micheli LJ, et al. A simplified technique for determining foot progression angle in children 4 to 16 years of age. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16:570-574.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8865038?tool=bestpractice.com这并非意味着这些患者有一定程度的残疾,或测量值处于临界水平的患者没有残疾。扭转问题在婴幼儿中常见,在青少年中少见。
常见异常包括:1) 正常的股骨前倾角和胫骨内翻(平均年龄 3-8 岁大约占 2% 至 9%);2)股骨前倾增大和胫骨扭转正常(在平均年龄 6-9 岁的儿童中占 1% 至 9%,各年龄段女性发病更高)。
总的说来,足内翻比足外翻更常见。在婴儿早期,双足内旋最有可能的原因是跖骨内收。在幼儿中,足内翻的常见原因是胫骨内旋。幼童时期(尤其是女童)足内翻通常源自股骨内旋。神经肌肉病症的患儿中扭转畸形较为常见,也更为严重。[10]Dias LS, Jasty MJ, Collins P. Rotational deformities of the lower limb in myelomeningocele: evaluation and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66:215-223.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6693448?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Fraser RK, Menelaus MB. The management of tibial torsion in patients with spina bifida. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75:495-497.http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/75-B/3/495http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8496230?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Wren TA, Rethlefsen S, Kay RM. Prevalence of specific gait abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy: influence of cerebral palsy subtype, age, and previous surgery. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25:79-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15614065?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Rethlefsen SA, Healy BS, Wren TA, et al. Causes of intoeing gait in children with cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:2175-2180.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17015594?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Laplaza FJ, Root L, Tassanawipas A, et al. Femoral torsion and neck-shaft angles in cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13:192-199.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8459010?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Robin J, Graham HK, Selber P, et al. Proximal femoral geometry in cerebral palsy: a population-based cross-sectional study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90:1372-1379.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18827250?tool=bestpractice.com